Distribution Channel of Banas Dairy Essay

The present study is conducted in the Banas Dairy sales area Genesis of Banas Dairy Late ShriGalbhabhai Patel established Banas Dairy with the dream of uplifting socio economic status of village farmers. This dream was fulfilled through the creation of a co-operative milk union for Banaskantha district, on the footprint of â€Å"Amul Dairy† of Kaira district, the ideal model of a Co-operative. Consequently eight village level co-operative milk societies in Vadgam and Palanpur taluk Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at DudhSagar Dairy, Mehsana from 3rd October 1966. The milk union got registered under Co-operative act on 31st January 1969 as Banaskantha District Co-operative milk producers’ Union Limited, popularly known as Banas Dairy. The foundation stone was laid by Late Galbabhai Nanjibhai Patel on 14th January 1971 at 122 acres land acquired near Jagana village in order to set up a dairy plant under the operation flood program launched by national Dairy development Board. On 7th May 1971’ the dairy started functioning at the same place with a capacity of 1. 5 lakh liters of milk per day. This has now been increased to 24. 3 lakh liters per day. The dairy has three automated plants with a wide 8-9 product lines. The small dream of Shri Galbabhai has now taken the shape of a co-operative of 1350 societies with around 15000 members. With the relentless efforts of dedicated and committed leadership, the dairy has won the trust of milk producers of Banaskantha district and has brought about a happy change in the lives of all its members. It has come up as a major revolution in the upliftment of the residents of the district. Mission and Vision Banas District Cooperative Milk Producers Union Ltd. was established with the prime objective of eliminating the monopoly of private traders and providing the poor farmers the due that they deserve. Along with this it also ensures that the farmers are benefited the maximum out of their operations and activities. The mission of the organization is to provide sustainable means of livelihood to socio-economically downtrodden rural mass, while treading on the path of progress. The organization renews its vision every ten years. It strives to be a successful world class co-operative dairy. The objectives of the organization are clearly expressed through the quality policy, which states that: â€Å"I, the Banas Dairy, commit and aspire to fulfil the needs and expectations of our internal as Ill as external customers and delight them through our quality products and services. I shall achieve the goal through the followings: a). Applying principles of Quality Management Systems and Food Safety Management for continuous enrichment of our management processes. ). Providing remunerating returns, quality input services, introducing innovative and appropriate schemes and services to our milk producers. c). Motivating and providing and encouraging appropriate training for skill up-gradation of our employees. d). Protecting our value system and the environment by judicious use of all natural resources. † India is an agri- oriented country of the world. 70% people are living in rural area so I can say Indian peo ple are living in village the majority of population. The dream of late Galbabhai Patel, founder chairman and the selfless sage to uplift socio- economical status of village farmers came true after creation of a co- operative milk union for banaskantha district, on the foot print of â€Å"Amul Dairy†of kaira presently Anand) district on the model of true co operative milk societies in Vadgam and palanpur taluzka of district Ire registered and started collecting and pouring milk at Dudh Sagar dairy, Mahesana from 10th march 1969.

Diet analysis Essay

At a young age, I had always had an aggressive appetite, never caring about what I put into my body because I was young, and it was of no concern to me. Over the last 5 years, I have been more aware of my eating habits, but still not making a conscious effort to change what my body intakes. Throughout, My Diet Analysis research, I was able to identify eating habits that I was unaware of specifically during the weekdays. I decided to record two of my busiest days during the week, Monday and Tuesday and one lacks day, being Sunday. My findings were somewhat surprising, showing me on paper just exactly how unhealthy my eating habits are. My diet analysis gave me just the motivation I needed to fully make a change within my everyday diet. Overall, it is very clear that I need to make some changes within my diet on a daily basis in order become fit and healthy. My results from my 3 day recall shocked me slightly, because I didn’t realize how little I ate, but how unhealthy many of my food choices were. I wasn’t in range with my calorie intake for the 3 days. My calorie intake was over 1500, and my recommended calorie intake was a little over 1200. The foods I ate that consisted of the most calories were foods from fast food restaurants, mainly being McDonalds, and foods that were full of carbs. I generally eat a lot of fast food during the week because my schedule is so hectic and nonstop, I don’t have time to indulge in anything else. My calorie intake was higher on Sunday and Tuesday than it was on Monday. My overall calorie intake on Monday was 100.1, Tuesday it was 2312.7 and on Sunday 1258.7. I was a little surprised to see that my calorie intake on Monday was lower than on Sunday, but after reviewing the foods I consumed, it made sense. Out of the 3 days, Monday was the day I consumed the most vegetables, green tea, and water. I typically drink a lot of water and green tea every day, so that wasn’t a surprise, but according to my di et analysis my vegetable intake for Monday was excellent. My vegetable intake is usually higher on Sundays because my mother usually cooks, and makes at least two green vegetables for that particular meal. As I continued to review my diet analysis I noticed I barely ate any fruits, which was very clear to see considering over the 3 days I had only eaten chunked pineapples, and the fruit that was in a smoothie. According to the USDA dietary guidelines my fruit intake should be at least 33% a day. It’s obvious that I need to substitute snacks, such as cookies, and chips for an apple or a fruit cup every day to meet my fruit  requirement. I wasn’t too surprised to find that my fruit intake was low because I don’t tend to eat fruit on a daily basis. I would defiantly say I indulge more vegetables than I do fruits, and that probably won’t change too much when it comes to my diet. Even though I’m aware that I have a slight addiction to salt and salty foods I was still disgusted at my sodium intake. My average sodium intake came out to be 12263.4 over the 3days. I am now more than ever motivated to stop adding salt to everything I eat because not only is it a bad habit, but it can do much damage to my body in the long run . Along with having a high sodium intake, my Trans and saturated fat intake was high. Trans fat is something I never want in my system, but consuming fast food doesn’t necessarily help me met this goal. My average intake of saturated fat over the 3 days was 13.7 and my overall trans-fat intake was 1.5. Although my trans-fat intake wasn’t exceeding, it’s not something I want to ingest/digest even in small amounts. I typically drink a lot of water, but according to my diet analysis, I need to be drinking twice as much as I consume. I don’t drink sodas or juice at all, so my beverage intake only consists of wate r and green tea; so seeing that I still need to consume more water was shocking. My average intake over the 3 days was 1,607.19 and I need my recommended number is 2,700.00. This will probably be one of the easier changes to make because I don’t mind drinking water, and prefer to drink water over any other beverage. I believe if I become more active this will help me consume more water throughout the day. Drinking the recommended amount of water every day is important to me because water helps your body work to its greatest potential, and helps with skin, hair and nails. I usually find myself exhausted and extremely tired throughout the day, and never really knowing why or exactly how to change that aspect of my life. When reviewing my Vitamin intake, it all began to make sense. My Vitamin levels are very low, especially my Vitamin D level, which goes hand in hand with my energy; explaining why I’m always tired. My Vitamin D intake was 1.13 which is extremely low compared to my recommended amount, which was 15.00. In order to help increase my vitamin D level, I have to first research which foods have a high level of vitamin D. I do recall when I was 18 my doctor explaining to me that my Vitamin D level was low, but seeing it makes it much more real. The weather has an effect on my Vitamin D level being low as well. The sun is a great source of Vitamin D, but because it’s  winter my exposure to sun is limited. Milk also has a great amount of Vitamin D, but unfortunately I am lactose and tolerant, which probably has a great effect on my Vitamin D level. It would be in my best interest to consume Vitamin D supplements to help increase my Vitamin D levels efficiently. I currently do no t exercise as often as I should considering the foods that I eat on a daily basis. I do however; have a job that consists of being active with children three time out of the week, which is a nice benefit. Once the spring is here it would be in my best interest to go running every day for at least 30 minutes. This will help with my physical activity and sun exposure, helping with my Vitamin D levels. I would like to continue to monitor my eating habits using my diet analysis because I do believe it is hard to determine my eating habits with only analyzing 3 days. But it is still very evident that I need to make some changes. The Diet Analysis project has taught me a lot about my own eating habits and has inspired me to modify them for a healthier lifestyle. Probably the biggest change I will make after having done this project is to increase my intake of vegetables, fruits and Vitamin D. Fruits and vegetables will provide more fiber in my diet (something I am lacking) as well as cert ain other vitamins and minerals that I am deficient in. I will also try to limit my fat intake, especially saturated fats, trans-fats, and fats from animal sources. I may even start packing my own lunches since most of the flaws in my diet are from of convenient and fast foods.

Regions Chart and Written Response Essay

Continued to treat the African Americans poorly. Paid poorly wages just cared about having a name and the money. Social reform movement. Farmers were politically active. Social Growth of industries caused a gap between rich and poor in this region. Political views clashed. Labor union formed first here. Still had race issues. Segregation and discrimination continued. The Chinese immigrants and the white settlers had cultural differences that led to friction. Riots and discrimination laws. Gap between rich and poor. A lot of friction. Active labor unions Economic or Type of Economy Center of the industrialization during the first and second industrial revolution. Producing more than 85% of the United States industrial products. Very low on industrial output. Had textile mills and ironwork industries. Agriculture included timber, coal, iron and steel. Little industrial development. Natural Resources was their main thing such as limber and metals. Agriculture as well. Farming and manufacturing. Steel and automotive. Upper states we center of industry, a hub for shipping and transportation. Population Change  Many immigrants began to come. 1 out of 5 industrial workers was an immigrant. Very high population. African Americans leaving to new factories in the North and Midwest for a better chance at good wages and improve their  economic and social standings. Immigrants from China came to the West looking for jobs on expanding the railroads. Sparse Population. Cities grew rapidly. Large numbers of immigrants. Transportation 200,000 miles of railroads connected cities by the 1900. The necessity of coal led to mining. Great transportation systems. New railroads stretched as far as Florida. Major railroads connected the West to the East.  Railroads and Trains contained livestock and grain. Part 2 – Respond to the prompt in a well- developed paragraph of your own. Be sure to include social, political and economic factors in your response and fully address all parts of the prompt. Explain how the Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest. Which region would you have preferred to live in during this period? Why? The Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West and Midwest mostly by population, economy, and social changes. Many immigrants came to these regions searching for a better life or founding out information on new technology because of this, it led to a lot of social friction between the immigrants and the settlers of the region. Political views clashed, segregation, riots and discrimination laws were happening while immigrants were coming in. These regions had to work with what they had and what they can use, this created the different types of economy such as industrial, manufacturing, farming, agriculture, etc. I would’ve preferred to live in the northern region because it was more developed in industries and technology.

The Math 101 Course Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Math 101 Course - Essay Example I had always been a little apprehensive about studying Math. However, I found the Math 101 course specifically designed to cater to students like me. All the concepts were explained clearly and in a simple manner so that I could understand them well. This course has given me a strong foundation in basic math such that I am able to understand and appreciate various mathematical concepts in a wider perspective. I therefore feel more confident about the subject now.Looking back, I feel that my learning was initially clouded by the apprehension I had regarding the subject. However, as I attended the classes, I gained confidence and was able to understand various concepts like curve sketching, linear equations, matrices, numerical sets and exponential and logarithmic functions. I also feel that if I had spent more time practicing some of the concepts like exponential and logarithmic functions and linear equations, I would have been able to perform better in the course.Regarding the topics that were covered in this course, I found two topics - linear equations and exponential and logarithmic functions – a little difficult to understand. I would suggest using additional problem solving exercises and application exercises to improve this course material.Since I have overcome my initial anxiety about studying math and my performance in this class has been much better than I expected, I feel more confident on the subject. I feel that I have achieved all the course objectives that were listed in the course syllabus. Completing this course has given me the confidence to assess and interpret results in real world situations. I feel that the knowledge I have gained through this course will help me in effective decision making and develop good written communication skills while working in collaboration with others in a professional scenario.

Strategic Mangment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Strategic Mangment - Essay Example Every member had performed their tasks carefully and honestly. Meeting had been organised whenever required and all members had attended those meetings. The team development procedures had been accomplished by three phases. At the initial phase, every member had met with the other members and learnt about the challenges of the project work. Every member had agreed on shared objectives and embarked upon the designated responsibilities. Members had acted quite individually at the initial phase and were very attentive. In the second stage, there was certain disagreement among the members regarding different ideas and approaches that would be taken in completion of the project. In order to deal with the conflict issue, I had taken the part of leader in the team and judged the opinion of majority of team members. In the third phase, the team had been harmonised with the overall objective of the project and become a successful operative group. During the meeting there was certain confusion about the role that will be played by the members throughout the project. I had allocated the tasks to the members and specified the time for completion. Finally, the presentation was completed appropriately with commendable contribution of every member. As a leader, I had the task to observe the writing of each member and check if they are moving on the right path or not. Other members had parts to analyze, write, and edit the papers appropriately. I used to merge the tasks of others into single entity. One of the main challenges faced by the team was related to finding appropriate materials from valid sources. Every team member including me worked hard to search for appropriate materials which can be used to analyse the subject. Nevertheless, there was lack of understanding between team members and if there was enhanced communication between them the working process would have been improved significantly. Presentation Strengths and Weaknesses An excellent strategic management pre sentation requires five aspects. Firstly, understanding about the topic is vital. If the research is inadequate and the fundamental knowledge cannot be gained, then the presentation will also be imperfect. Therefore, in our project we had done vast research on the topic so that every member understands all aspects regarding the subject. A good presentation comprises of using vital phrases which is important for describing the topic. The significant points of the project need to be carefully identified and presented with bullet points but the number should not exceed a certain limit. Meanwhile, in our project we had incorporated adequate bullet points to describe vital factors of the subject. In order to develop an excellent presentation a team must avoid unnecessary writing on the slides. We had used very limited writing in our presentation and used modest words to describe every point and image. The slide show is intended for conveying verbal performance. The number of slides is vi tal for making an admirable strategic management presentation. Using huge number of slides can develop hastening situation to jump into other slide quickly. During our observation in presentation rehearsal, we had understood the disadvantage of using large number of slides and thus we had limited our presentation slides to thirteen only. For an effective strategic management presentation the design is very important. Thus, in our presentatio

Complete work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Complete work - Essay Example For the few women who owned businesses, and were married â€Å"in manu† (meaning their husbands were in control of them), the groom together with his family was in charge of all the woman’s possessions. This law prevented women from owning anything they earned with the inclusion of her inheritance and dowry (Kidner, 2014). Women almost had no say in the ‘manus’ marriage and what the husband said was the last word on all the matters. I believe that if the women were given the opportunity to own property in the manus marriage, their families would have benefited more, as there would be two providers. In politics, women could not support their husbands in privacy and not in the public. Their public role was to attend to the traditional activities of household chores. At home they could weave, spin yarn in order to make clothes for their families (Kidner, 2014). If women had a say in politics and even participated in things like voting, most of the empire probl ems would be unheard of and the empire governed in a much better way. Women were also made to think that their role was to sit pretty at home, nurture their children and heed to their husband's decisions. Unlike today's society, fathers chose husbands for their daughters and girls got married at the legal age of 12 years (Kidner, 2014). Fathers allowing their daughters to become of age and then get married to the men of their choice would have resulted in decreasing the number of divorces as well as sexual promiscuity. The male dominance in the Roman Empire was a great influence on how women led their lives. The men were the determinants of what was good or bad for the women. They suppressed the voice of the women who only had an option of doing that which their husbands or fathers demanded from them. Their opinions did not matter and therefore were in no way an influence to the social norms nor the political attributes in the empire. This did not stop the women but they raised high above the norms and laws and managed to change their world. This persuasive paper shows how women changed some of the social factors of the Roman Empire. Women in the Roman Empire may not have had any political office or any voting rights but made great contributions in religion. They did this amidst the fact that they could not stand for their rights. Women always had to serve under a male figure, be it a husband or a father. Men dominated in the social field and politics but the amazing thing is that they were not a great influence on religion. As it was customary, the women took care of the homestead’s shrines, altars, and offering daily prayers. They would perform the necessary rituals to keep the household gods appeased. The Romans believed that these gods, when women appeased them, would live in harmony with the family. The appeased spirits would protect the home and family from any harm and so the women had to pay attention to how well they kept the gods. However, thi s changed over time as women became goddesses and there are coins present in the empire that have images of these goddesses. Helena was the woman who saw it that Christianity was the foundation of the Roman Empire (Winter, 2003). The chauvinistic male society made it clear that only males would assess education. Women, as per

Law of Rape- Problem question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Law of Rape- Problem question - Essay Example 1). The important factors to look for in Alice’s case are signs of both obvious and discreet objections to Ben’s sexual advances. There are no obvious verbal or nonverbal cues from Alice before or during sexual intercourse with Ben. She did not tell him â€Å"no,† and he did not threaten her in any way. Alice was not intoxicated, and there were no indications that she was drugged either. The keyword in every rape situation or incident is consent. The law is very clear on accounts of non-consensual rape, but if consent is initially given, is it still considered rape? Should it still be tried in court? CPS (Crown Prosecution Service) applies the word â€Å"effective† to consent. They explain, â€Å"The law does not allow a person’s consent to sexual activity to have effect in the following situations: where the person giving consent did not understand what was happening and so could not give informed consent, and where the person giving consent was u nder the relevant age of consent† (Sexual Offences- Rape, 2010). These two forms of consent are opposites of one another due to the fact that the letter would not hold up in court but the initial one would because of the lack of understanding. Alice is presumably of age. The issue that comes to light is whether or not Alice was understanding of her situation. Now, she is not mentally handicapped or incoherent by drugs or alcohol, but she was misled by Ben into believing engaging in sexual intercourse with him would in turn give her love, companionship and financial stability. The question remains about whether or not Ben is guilty of rape under the present law. In a court of law, it is unlikely that Alice would have a solid case against Ben because consent was given and there is not a clear establishment of understanding in regards to how â€Å"understanding† is defined in law. Although, that does not mean Ben is innocent, the fact remains that Alice was not affected by outside substances or health, which would be concrete evidence to support Ben’s side of the case. Looking at the accused offender, Ben, his bodily actions fail to reveal any harmful intent. Physically, Ben did not coerce Alice by means of force of threat. The disputable wrongdoing he committed was verbal manipulation. The court could argue that Alice consented to sexual intercourse with Ben based on her personal expectations of him. She was willing because he met her requirements for a mate, and at any time she could have resisted his advances. Alice could have been eager to receive a lover and that overrode her ability to spot the red flag Ben presented when he promised marriage to her so soon after they met. Some may even go so far to say that Alice wanted a wealthy companion so much she willingly fell for Ben’s deception. The idea of willingness is another dubious term that arises in court in reference to rape cases. The Merriam-Webster dictionary defines willingne ss as â€Å"cheerful readiness to do something† (2011). Alice could be seen as happily engaging in sexual intercourse based on the cheerful prospect of marriage and love. If that is the case, Ben would have a stronger case in his defense against her in court. Too much evidence points to Alice consenting to him, especially because consent was given prior to, and during the actual act. No signs point to Alice

Animal Agriculture in Ukraine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Animal Agriculture in Ukraine - Essay Example Since independence, Ukraine’s animal agricultural policy seeks to address key issues such as; food security, the development of rural areas and international competitiveness with the poultry, beef and pig sectors being the most protected. Poultry farming, pig farming, Animal Feed production, Cattle farming and Bio Energy production constitute the key animal agricultural sectors in Ukraine. The country’s agricultural sector remains a key economic determinant; although the sector’s total output collapsed by 40% between the years 1990 and 2010, (USUBC, 2008). The period also saw the reallocation of resources as a result of comparative advantage with the share of grains in production growing at the expense of livestock. Statistics indicate that, between the years 1990 and 2008, livestock output suffered extensively with the production falling by 50% compared to only 25% for grain production, (USUBC, 2008). It is further predicted that the sector will further contract by 18% in the projection period from 2010 to 2018. Besides, the country’s Foreign Direct investment in Animal agriculture continues to lag behind other countries as a result of its structure and regulatory framework. It is estimated that FDI in animal agriculture fell from over 21% in 1990 to just 5% in 2002. Generally, an estimated 13% of Ukraine’s total land area constitutes permanent pasture land. A 2001 statistic indicate that there were 9.4 million head of cattle, 963,000 sheep, 7.6 million pigs, 912,000 goats, 20 million ducks and 103 million chickens,(OECD 2004). Poultry numbers increased by 9% between the years 2004 and 2006 while the number of pigs 25%. However, the number of cattle decreased by 11% within the same period. Turkeys, goats, Horses, rabbits and ducks are also bred and raised in the country, (USUBC, 2008). Meat production is a key component of the country’s animal agricultural sector with a 2001 statistic indicating that 646,000, 591,000 and 239,000 tons of beef, pork and poultry meat respectively were produced within the year much less than the 1, 986,000, 1, 576,000 and 239,000 tons of the same products in 1990. Milk and egg production are also key segments within Ukraine’s animal agricultural sector. In 2001, milk and egg production totaled t o 13.4 million and 546,000 tons respectively, (USUBC, 2008). In addition to animal rearing, Animal food production is also a key component of the country’s animal agriculture. Most feed production is for poultry estimated at 2.2 million tones in 2006 while pig and cattle feeds accounted for 850 and 650 tones respectively,(OECD 2004). Animal food production is however highly centralized, with an estimated 30 companies producing half of all feed. Furthermore, the country’s largest producers manufacture nearly all major types of feeds although the tendency to produce feeds for personal needs by farmers has also increased. This has can be attributed to the desire to save cost and to practice contemporary animal breeding techniques within their own farms,(OECD 2004). Changing Trend Although Ukraine has done considerably well in the animal agricultural sector, its full potential is yet to be realized. In beef farming for example, the cattle heard in 2009 was found to be almo st 88% below that of independence in 1991. Beef remains the largest meat sector with 900, 000 tones production in 2008. This is followed by pig meat and Poultry meat at 700,000 and 30, 000 tones

COMMENTING ON AN EVENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

COMMENTING ON AN EVENT - Essay Example For example, when the San Francisco Healthy Food Incentive Ordinance banned free toys to the customers on the purchase of Happy Meals, McDonald’s started to offer the toys with Happy Meals for an extra 10 cents only so that it adheres to the new law without having its sales impacted much by it. Summaries of Articles In the article â€Å"The Ban Too Far† published in The New York Times on 31 May 2012, the author has generally appreciated Bloomberg’s role in improving the health of the residents of the New York City, but does not approve of his recent attempt to ban the drinks sized over 16 ounces. The author has cited examples of several ways in which Bloomberg has helped the community e.g. the ban on smoking and trans fat in a lot of institutions, but as the name of the article suggests, the author considers the ban an unnecessarily strong action. The author believes that instead of placing such bans on the sizes of drinks or eatables, the administration should d irect its attention towards educating the community and providing them with healthier alternatives without restricting their access to the high-calorie food. According to the author, making tough campaigns and launching exercise programs are also recommendable, but banning something irritates the people.  In the article â€Å"Evolution’s Sweet Tooth† published in The New York Times on 5 June 2012, the author Daniel E. Lieberman says that the libertarian objections to Bloomberg’s ban on the sale of drinks sized above 16 ounces the most noticeable amongst others, that speculates that this ban will be succeeded by bans on the quantities of other kinds of junk foods. Declaring obesity as a biological problem, Lieberman thinks that Bloomberg’s decision is reasonable since such a coercive action is the need of the hour. Lieberman has drawn evidence in his support for Bloomberg from the way human eating habits have been modified by various external factors like advancement of technology. Scarcity of food sustained over millions of years in the past maintained a balance between the cravings for sugar and the human digestive systems. It is beyond the control of many to limit the intake of sugar since the craving for this once-limited-resource is simple tremendous in the present age when it is in abundance. Lieberman puts forth three basic options to deal with this issue. The first option is the discovery of cures for the diseases caused by obesity for which people might have to wait too long while being affected by the diseases. The second and the more popular option is the enhancement of public education about food and healthy eating habits, but this has not proven very effective so far. The third option requires restoration of diets to the natural state with the help of regulations as the times have changed and so has the human lifestyle. Imposing ban on large portions of drinks is just as sensible as banning cigarettes in schools or limi ting the access of children to alcohol. Bans are the ultimate solution as schools have proven ineffective in delivering physical education in the past. Along with imposing such bans, the food industry should honestly

Legal Advice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Legal Advice - Essay Example Warren Buffet is the chairman and CEO of the company and is greatly responsible for a number of investment initiatives. From the start of his business at Berkshire Company, he paid more attention to long-term investments in openly quoted stocks. However, presently his focus has shifted to purchasing entire companies (Sharon, Steven & Corinne, 2002). Currently, the company holds a number of companies comprising of confectionary, marketing, railway, home fittings. It manufactures detergents and is involved in the sale of jewelry. In addition, Berkshire is involved in newspaper printing, production and supply of uniforms as well as numerous local electric and gas utilities. According to a report released by Forbes Global in the year 2000, Berkshire Hathaway was ranked 18th largest public corporation worldwide (Carroll, 2009). Berkshire Hathaway Company revealed their plans to invest a total of $5 billion in in the Bank of America on August 25th, 2011. The Bank of America was at the time experiencing hard economic times. They had been having disputes with regard to how foreclosure practices were managed. Ultimately, this implied that they were also having concerns with their mortgage investors. In total, they had approximately $ 8.8 billion loss and a huge amount of it accredited to the disbursement they made with the mortgage financiers. In addition, the bank of America was also planning to fire several workers. Following the announcement by Berkshire Hathaway to invest in this bank, the shares increased by over 25%. The bigger part of Berkshire India is owned by Berkshire Hathaway. According to a statement released by the Company, another plan with regard to this subsidiary corporation is to sell and supply common insurance merchandises in India via its operational distribution portal. Their preliminary emphasis will be on motorized insurance. However, the firm regularly updates its business model so as to meet the necessities of the fast developing Indian insura nce sector. In addition, the firm will advance into health, life as well as travel insurance if they the market turns out receptive as stated further by the statement (Braem, 2009). However, for successful implementation of their plans, there are business regulations that will be observed.Naturally, administrative laws are related to the government as well as the manner its organizational units work. In this perspective, administrative law consists of three precise elements. There are; replication of businesses as per the recommended style, coordination of dissimilar efforts into one bigger organization and continued daily operations of the firm in smooth process to help achieve their set objectives (Twomey& Jennings, 2010). For Berkshire Hathaway Company to operate successfully, they will require licenses and permits that are necessary for conducting their business online or e-commerce business, just like all other corporations. A state business permit is the major document needed for the purposes of taxation and carrying out other basic business operations (Miller and cross, 2013). The firm will also be required to pay sales tax for conducting business online as per the state regulations (Bentley, Galliher & Ferguson, 2007). Berkshire Hathaway Company is advised to comply with the available laws and regulations as operating without license could lead to fine of closure by the regulating authorities. This determines which elements of

Employee Relations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Employee Relations - Essay Example BCL has been operating since its origins with this structure with little or no changes made, the new managing director, however, is young and highly educated, and having worked his way through the business, wants to implement changes to the structure and make the business more modern in its approach to all the major functions mentioned above. The writer of this report has been appointed as the new HR Director, whilst a new operations manager, who also happens to be the new managing director’s colleague in university, has been appointed to replace the outgoing manager. Through a consensus, the three senior managers have come to an agreement that major structural changes need to made, by reducing the management hierarchy, and by forming a strategic partnership with a leading high street grocery retailer, Cost-Savers, in a bid to see the business streamlined and cost effective. The new partnership is expected to cut costs down in terms of premises rentals, as BCL will have their shops within Cost-Savers shops. Another key factor is that Cost-Saver and BCL will share a distribution depot while one of the smaller of BCL’s depots will be shut, and where Cost-Savers and BCL are in the same location, the BCL shop will be closed whilst core and flexible staff of that BCL shop will be offered positions at the Cost-Savers shop, and the rest made redundant. Also certain low profit stores of BCL will be shut altogether. The main changes in the management structure include: Reduction of the number of districts from 16 to 12 District managers will be given expanded responsibilities for product placement, identifying new opportunities and increasing sales within their district Each regional manager will be given the added responsibility of providing development opportunities for store and district managers Each store manager will be given autonomy to recruit staff, promote products, stock products on own discretion, and have more direct contact with head office. All managers will be coached to become leaders and not merely managers for their sectors. Staff would be given the added incentive of a profit based six monthly bonus to boost their sense of belonging to the organisation. The main task given to the writer as HR Director is to come up with a plan to make sure the above changes have a positive effect on staff, and that an employment relationship culture of teamwork is brought about through the changes. This would mean engaging the staff in matters related to key decision making, and change the existing non-directional management of individual stores to align with corporate directions. Key Literature Review: From the above introduction, it can be inferred that BCL has decided to go from a hierarchical, and centralised organisational structure to a horizontal and decentralised structure. It is therefore important to understand these terms before delving any deeper. Organisational Structure: The term ‘organisational structureâ€⠄¢ simply refers to the way in which job tasks are formally divided, grouped, and coordinated. It involves the processes of work specialisation, where tasks in the organisation are subdivided into separate jobs; departmentalisation, where the subdivided jobs are grouped together; chain of command, which

Root Causes of Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Root Causes of Terrorism Essay Fieldman and Shapir (2004) noted that â€Å"some of the latest figures involving international suicide terrorists, their actions and the outcome of these actions, mentioning that there were eleven suicide attacks in Chechnya since 2003 involving fifteen terrorists, eleven of which are women. Their actions killing 200 and sixty one suicide attacks until June 2004 in Iraq involving seventy nine suicide terrorists that killed 840 people, and that suicide terrorism is significant in Israeli-Palestinian conflict as anti-Israel suicide attacks were numbered to 26 2003 to June 2004 (Fieldman, Shapir, 2004, p. 46). † This is proof of one of the many similar characteristics and nature of these different suicide terrorist groups: the measure and extent of their resolve. â€Å"In other areas around the world, fifty-four terrorists identified with Al Qaeda or its affiliated took part in nineteen suicide attacks in which over 280 people were killed. Overall, more than 170 suicide terrorists carried out 117 suicide attacks, a figure that does not include the numerous frustrated suicide attacks, mostly but not exclusively in Israel (Feldman, Shapir, 2004, p. 46). † Suicide terrorist groups around the world and the shared parallelism in management, nature and characteristics Despite the differences present between different suicide terrorist groups operating in different parts of the world, there is a noticeable set of parallelisms that render each group closely similar with one another, creating in a certain degree a sense of uniformity in the manner by which suicide terrorist groups are being managed, run and operated by its leaders. Suicide terrorist groups often share the same set of motivation that allows for the effective management of the personality and overall state of being of its suicide terrorists; they also share nearly the same M. O. , as well as target preferences and the penchant for an attack the lethality of which is guaranteed to extend to a large number of people victimized by the attack; politically, the goals of suicide terrorist groups (the creation of pressure to remove usurpers and modern day colonial rulers and exercise genuine governance and sovereignty over their own lands) are radically aligned with each other. Suicide terrorists and the personality management skill of its leaders An important aspect of suicide terrorism and of the suicide terrorists groups that needs to be discussed is the ‘management’ of these particular individuals. Because the tasks of suicide terrorists are not similar to any other ordinary tasks since their job has a significant level of certainty of death and the finality of life in it, leaders of either small, independent terrorist cells or national level commanders of an umbrella organization for terrorist group (or any leadership or management-level individual belonging to a terrorist group that has in its method of operation suicidal attacks) should have an intensive knowledge on how suicide terrorists should be handled and how each aspect of the suicide terrorist’s personality – emotional, psychological, spiritual, mental and physical – is ‘managed’. Recruiting suicide terrorist may appear either easy or difficult depending on the person who holds the particular opinion. People who see how emotional, psychological and other types motivation easily convinces a prospective suicide bomber to take on a mission and end his/her life for something which the suicide terrorist believes is worth it will think that all leaders need to do is manipulate people into becoming suicide terrorists by using pressure points to which the prospective recruit will easily yield or bend. Religion and militant fanaticism is one of the popular notions that people used to believe as the main reason for the recruitment of suicide bombers. There are those who believe that patriotism or the love for the country is the key motivation for suicide terrorists, while others, who recruit from areas which are economically and financially depressed, pay money or promise a better life for the family that they will leave behind. There are some reported cases of blackmail or the use of threat, as well as the presence of pressure coming from political groups to which a person belongs to, or the pressure of socially-shared political ideology that compels members to undertake such tasks. â€Å"Men become suicide terrorists in extraordinary cases, and each case requires its own explanation. There are some indirect data to suggest that a psychological trauma is an obligatory component. The trauma should be related not only to the death of relatives and/or personal threat to life but also to humiliation, personal but most particularly to a perception of national dignity (Wessely, Krasnov, 2006, p. 112). † Regardless of the particular motivation at play in a particular organization in a particular situation (since the motivation of suicide terrorists around the world varies in detail from one another in different occasions), the important thing that this illustrates is the role of effective management of the terrorist group leaders of its own suicide terrorist squads. They seldom retreat or abort missions because of last minute realizations, but this does not mean that they are crazy – professional researchers and analysts simply believes that the motivation and pressure existing is too much that it is impossible to dissuade suicide terrorists from undertaking their tasks of taking not just their lives, but that of other people as well. â€Å"Although research indicates that individual suicide attackers make choices and are not technically crazy, according to experts they are often manipulated by the pressures and belief structures of the group. Because of this, it is important to study the role of the organization in the phenomenon (Linden, 2002, p. 82). † The political significance, role and impact of suicide terrorist groups – The nature of the different suicide terrorist groups around the world is reflected in how they assert and create political significance for their group. Through their efforts towards political significance, observers can identify the essence of these groups, enumerate them and in the process allow the creation of paradigms from which terrorist groups are the nature of future terrorists groups are characterized. This aspect shows the core nature of suicide terrorist groups – a group of individuals that resorted to the use of lethal force and deadly weapon in the effort to effect change in the political landscape, a band of radical fighters who use the lives of innocent individuals as leverage to gain such power and influence, people who are motivated by different things (but nonetheless equally highly motivated, enough to die and to kill), these are the people who rely on scare and fear tactics to create pressure. Their actions create pressure – towards their enemies and sometimes towards themselves when the end product of an attack backfires and becomes a cause of problem for terrorist groups themselves – while at the same time allowing for the style and personality of this particular group to change over time, altering as well the manner by which the world responds and reacts to terrorism, particularly to suicide terrorists and their actions. â€Å"Al Qaeda’s coordinated multiple suicide airborne attacks aimed at destroying three outstanding US landmark targets the World Trade Center in New York City, the Pentagon, and Congress on September 11, 2001, demonstrated the escalating terrorist threat posed to civilian and military infrastructure With 9/11, the worst terrorist attack ever, the threshold for terrorism world-wide increased. Terrorism has moved from tactical to a strategic threat, prompting governments to invest unprecedented resources both in pre-empting terrorist attacks and in managing mass casualty attacks (Steven, Gunaratna, 2004, p. 2). † Because of the group’s political significance, analysts now grow more observant towards the efficiency by which suicide terrorist group leaders handle the organizations to make protracted and long battles like the ones being fought by terrorist group possible and sustainable over the years and over the number of suicide bombers lost and needs to be replaced time and again. Nature of suicide terrorism: political strategy versus religious undertaking – One of the most common and distorted ideas about suicide terrorism is that it is an act resulting from radical Islamist beliefs or the manifestation of the will of certain religious beliefs that glorify and moralize the use of lethal force and the taking of innocent lives. Historians clear out the confusion in this particular aspect of the nature of suicide terrorist groups around the world: historians and analysts believe that religious will is not the motivation of suicide terrorist groups; rather, it is the means by which strategic political actions are justified to the people and most especially to the suicide terrorists. For actions that carry with it severe moral stigma, there is a need for the presence of moral righteousness for the undertaking to be enacted without doubt, and here, religious and other non-political aspect of the set of beliefs comes into play; sometimes, suicide bombers are not even fully aware of the political repercussions of his/her actions nor the real political reasons why such act is necessary; for the suicide terrorist, it is enough that there is a sufficient reason wherein he can directly relate to and understand. â€Å"Suicide terrorist attacks are not so much driven by religion as by a clear strategic objective: to compel modern democracies to withdraw military forces from the territory that the terrorists view as their homeland. From Lebanon to Sri Lanka to Chechnya to Kashmir to the West Bank, every major suicide terrorist campaign over 95 percent of all incidents has had as its central objective to compel a democratic state to withdraw (LeMay, 2006, p. 252). † Religion is the balm that soothes the wounds and calms the fears of suicide bombers. At this level, the understanding and appreciation of goals is still shared by most since everyone understands and experiences the state of spirituality and religious belief necessary to make religion a powerful influence and motivation for the suicide bomber. â€Å"Other Muslims would argue the Koran supports actions of suicide bombers. These latter groups include radical and/or militant terrorist organizations with which we are familiar (Williams, Waltrip, 2004, p. 139). † The leader might not bother the suicide bomber/terrorist with the political complexities of such actions since this usually requires a level of mental capability similar to that of the learned and the educated, and not every suicide terrorist that pulls plunges himself/herself and the bomb inside a crowded place are educated, or did not have the chance to be one. â€Å"The suicide terrorist no longer thinks; he finds his inspiration and refuge in prayer, as outlined in Mohammad Atta’s letter to his comrades before the attack of September 11, 2001. There should be a ritual of washing and shaving, and the night is to be spent in prayer trying to forget the world. Then there should be further prayers, and after this Atta advises the others, ‘Smile and feel secure. For God is with the believers and the angels are guarding him without him feeling it. ’ We do not know, however, whether all or any of the suicide bombers did indeed spend the last night praying; some reportedly spent it in a bar or a night club (Laquer, 2003, p. 95). † References Bjorgo, Tore (December 2005). Root Causes of Terrorism: Myths, Reality and Ways Forward. Taylor Francis, Inc.

Performance Enhancing Drugs and the Banned Substances List

Performance Enhancing Drugs and the Banned Substances List Evaluate the suggestion that performance-enhancing drugs should be removed from the IOCs banned substances list Performance-enhancing drugs refer to substances that are used to improve any form of activity: ranging from physical to psychological performance in humans. The use of these drugs have continued to evolve and has been facilitated by advances in doping strategies despite improved drug testing detection methods and advances in scientific research. Athletes use these drugs to improve appearance and to enhance performance in sports (Wiefferink, 2014). The decision to use performance-enhancing drugs is underlain by a number of beliefs and values. Some of these include gaining muscular strength and improving performance. Others involve expectations about friends use of these drugs. Research also indicate that the use of these drugs is related to self-esteem, academic performance, use of other drugs, knowledge of other people who have used them, dissatisfaction with ones own appearance and frequency of gym visits (Wiefferink, 2014). It is important to note that, sportsmen are celebrities who are admired by many people. As such, every thing that they do is admired by many people. Thus, when they use drugs and eventualy excell in their sporting life, they motivate most youths into doing the same. Without minding about the dangers of substance abuse, most youths have been influenced by sportmen into drug abuse. Among notable athletes who have been poven to be using performance-enhancing drugs include Alex Rodriguez (A-Rod) who was given a 211 game suspension that lasted for the rest of 2013 season and the entire 2014 season for using performance enhancement drugs (Claudia Shane, 2014). Such as a suspension should be a lesson to both upcoming and professional sportsmen of how performance enhancing drugs can kill ones profession. Moreover, these drugs kill the reputation of the individual as most people do not give credit to his performance but instead blame and give credit to the drugs that he used. It is because of the facts above that many sports organizations such as international Olympic committee have come to ban the use of performance-enhancing drugs. They have put in place very strict consequences for people caught using them. To make this effective, the body has a list of banned substances (James, 2011). Interestingly, performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) are not restricted to illegal drugs or prescription medications, such as anabolic steroids. However, they include dietary supplements and a variety of compounds that are available at grocery and health food stores and online and are used to enhance performance among athletes. Performance-enhancing drugs such as Anabolic Agents that includes Testosterone have a number of effects to the user. This drug is primarily used to treat delayed puberty, some types of impotence, and wasting of the body caused by HIV infection or other muscle-wasting diseases (Claudia Shane, 2014). This drug has however been used by athletes to enhance their performance. The potential physiological and psychological side effects of anabolic steroid abuse are as follows: First, this drugs leads to acne which refers to a long-term skin disease that occurs when hair follicles are clogged with dead skin cells and oil from the skin (Wiefferink, 2014). The drug can also lead to male pattern baldness and liver damage. Other physical effects include premature closure of the growth centers of long bones especially among the adolescents. This may result in stunted growth and disruption of puberty in children. On the other hand, the psychological effects of using anabolic agents include increased aggressiveness and sexual appetite. This may at times result in abnormal sexual and criminal behavior (Jason, 2008). Withdrawal from anabolic steroid use can also lead to depression, and in some severe cases, suicide. Another category of performance-enhancing drug is Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, and other Related Substances. These compounds are primary medically used to treat cancer. They are also used to aide growth in those born prematurely (Wiefferink, 2014). The presence of an abnormal concentration of a hormone, its metabolites, relevant ratios or markers in ones sample is deemed to contain a prohibited substance unless one can demonstrate the concentration was due to a physiological or pathological condition (Jason, 2008). The effects of these drugs are as follows: The use of peptide hormones, growth factors and other related substance can result into hypertension, blood cancers/leukemia and anemia. It may also lead strokes, heart attacks and pulmonary embolism. The drug can also lead to feminization which refers to the development in an organism of physical characteristics that are usually unique to the female of the species (Wiefferink, 2014). Other physical problem includes thyroid problems. On the other hand, human growth hormone when used as a performance-enhancing drug can lead to: Severe headaches, Loss of vision and acromegaly which refers to protruding or enlarged jaw, brow, skull, hands and feet. Other conditions include high blood pressure and heart failure (Claudia Shane, 2014). It may also lead to diabetes and tumors. In some cases, this drug can lead to crippling arthritis. There is also the Beta-2 agonist that is primarily medically used to treat conditions such as asthma and other respiratory ailments (Wiefferink, 2014). The physiological effects of this drug include palpitations, headaches and sweating. Other effects include nausea and muscle cramps. It may also lead to nervousness. Diuretics are another category of performance enhancing drug. It is used in the treatment of conditions such as hypertension, kidney disease and congestive heart failure (James, 2011). However, when it is taken without medical supervision, it results in potassium depletion and possibly even death. The physiological effects of this drug include; dehydration, muscle cramps and dizziness which may lead to fainting. Other effects include drop in blood pressure and loss of coordination and balance. In the list of IOC banned drugs also include stimulants. The primary medical use of stimulant is to treat conditions such as Attention Deficit Disorders (ADD/ADHD), asthma, narcolepsy, and obesity. However, the effects of this drug include; insomnia, anxiety and weight loss (Wiefferink, 2014). Stimulants may also lead to dependence and addiction, dehydration, tremors and increased heart rate and blood pressure. Other effects include increased risk of stroke, heart attack, and cardiac arrhythmia. Narcotics have also been banned by IOC. When taken in small quantity, narcotics have medical uses that include relieving severe pain and inducing sleep. However, when they are taken in large quantity, it is a medical emergency and can lead to respiratory depression and even death. The effects of narcotics include: a false sense of invincibility, nausea and vomiting and increased pain threshold. The drug may also lead to failure to recognize injury and decreased heart rate (Jason, 2008). Other effects include physical and psychological dependence that leads to addiction. The use of performance enhancing drugs also has a lot of negatives on an individuals social life. First, with regards to ones family life, there is the possibility that the rest of the family may feel embarrassed or ashamed at ones addiction to substance enhancing drugs. The family is always bothered about the fate of the victim (Claudia Shane, 2014). This may lead to rejection, stigmatization and even sense of guilt. Those who use drugs may at times feel that their family has pushed them out. Performance enhancing drugs may also significantly affect ones education. A child or a young person who is suffering from an addiction will have a lot of problem with his school life, relationships with other children and their home life (Claudia Shane, 2014). This may lead to truancy. Performance-enhancing drugs may also interfere with ones employment or professional life. Most people who use performance-enhancing drugs may not productive at work. As such, they may stop being punctual and efficient at work. Similarly, they may neglect their appearance and personal hygiene. They may also display erratic or unacceptable levels of behavior that may highly impact on the reputation of the organization that they are working (Wiefferink, 2014). Athletes on the other hand may boycott physical exercises and this may interfere with their performance. In some severe cases, drug addicts may start being absent for no good reason. They may also fail to complete their duties. In most instances when they are financially down, they may resort to stealing from not only the company but also their individuals so as to get money to purchase the drugs. Performance-enhancing drugs may also affect an individuals health and wellbeing. Performance enhancing substances such as alcohol and caffeine which is fine on an occasional basis or in moderate amounts are normally harmful when consumed to the point when one becomes addicted (Jason, 2008). Cigarette smoking may heavily impact on the life of the user because it affects ones respiratory system. Addiction to drugs affects the victims personality and behavior in a variety of ways. However, this very much depends upon the type of substance used and the amount; their psychological makeup before the addiction and physical health and their lifestyle. Thus, some performance-enhancing substances have a greater effect than others upon mental health (James, 2011). For example, heroin is stronger than nicotine. It will therefore have a bigger impact upon the brain. It is also worth pointing out that, most people are different in regard to psychological makeup. This implies that people are affected differently by these drugs. Thus, one person may experience a greater level of damage than another person using the same substance. This is due to their brain chemistry. Finally, the cost of performance-enhancing drug not only affects the sufferer but can also encompass family, friends and the society as a whole. Such costs include costs of policing, drug addiction help lines, support groups and rehab clinics. Indirectly there is lost revenue in the form of tax and national insurance contributions each time an addict either loses their job or is unable to work. This means a drop in revenue collection and an increase in welfare benefits, e.g. unemployment benefit. In conclusion, performance-enhancing drugs have adverse effects on the lives of the users. As this paper observes, the effects of these drugs are not only felt by the user but by the immediate family members, friends, workmates and the society as a whole. Therefore, no substance-enhancing drug should be removed from the IOCs list of banned drugs. Instead, more research should be done on how to counter the use of these drugs. There is also need for sensitization among sportsmen on the dangers of these drugs. References Claudia, L. R., Shane, C. (2014). Drug abuse in athletes. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from US National Library of Medicine: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4140700/ James, H. (2011). The Ripple Effect of Doping in Sports. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from The Huffington Post: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/james-h-hibbard/the-ripple-effect-of-dopi_b_693078.html Jason, M. (2008). Performance enhancing drugs in sports: The dark side of performance psychology. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from Australian Psychology Society : https://www.psychology.org.au/inpsych/ped/ Wiefferink, C. (2014). Social psychological determinants of the use of performance-enhancing drugs by gym users. Retrieved 2 14, 2017, from Oxford Academic: https://academic.oup.com/her/article/23/1/70/835589/Social-psychological-determinants-of-the-use-of

The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay

The Basic Informational Macromolecules Biology Essay Nucleic acids are the basic informational macromolecules that contributes to the most essential characteristic properties of living system, reproduction and genetic conttrols. Lower and higher molecular weight of nucleic acids are utilized in metabolic and catalytic reactions respectively. DNA(deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid) are nucleic acid of polymers composed of nitrogenous base either a double ring of purines and single ring of pyrimidine which is further connected to the phosphorylated sugar to make up the nucleotides.The sugar attached with base without phosphate group is called nucleoside.The DNA molecule has sugar 2-deoxyribose and RNA molecule has ribose and every backbone of DNA or RNA chain are linked by covalent phosphodiester bond between 5and 3carbons of two sugars either from 5>3 or 3>5 directions. Phosphate groups are attached at the end of the sugar at 5-carbon and at the 3end ,the hydroxyl group is added.Most probably all natural DNA or RNA polymer extend in a direction of 5to 3end direction.The structures that join the nulceotides together in DNA and RNA are called phosphodiester bonds due the presence of phosphoric acid linkage between the two sugars(fig.1) Fig.1 RNA nucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds between 3-OH and 5-C. (RNA structure,n.d) Structures of DNA DNA(deoxyrinucleic acid)is the linear of nucleic acids which is composed of four different building blocks of nucleotides and is lack of one oxygen atom at carbon2(fig.2) and as a result it is named as deoxyribose sugar. Fig.2 Structure of DNA. (DNA Structure,n.d) DNA is commonly found in nucleous and scientist called Erwin Chargaff found that DNA has four nucleotide bases namely pyrimidine(cytosine and thymine)and purine(adenine and guanine) (fig.3) Purines: a)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adenine A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guanine G   Pyrimidines: b)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Thymine T  Cytosine C   Fig.3.Structure of DNA bases. (DNA and RNA Structures,n.d) The total amount of pyrimidine nucleotide bases thymine+cytosine is always equal to the total amount of purine nucleotide bases adenine+guanine.The amount of thymine is always equal to the amount of adenine(A=T)and the amount of cytosine is always equal to the amount of guanine(G ºC).But the amount of adenine +thymine is not necessarily equal to the amount of guanine+cytosine. ( Gupta ,P.K., 2000) The Double Helix Structure By the study of x-ray diffration, Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkens suggested that DNA has a helical structure with a diameter of 20A and 34A distance in the helix(fig.4a). DNA consists of two helix which the two chains are coiled around the same axis to form a right-handed helix and they can be separated from one another only by uncoiling. The backbone of altertnating deoxyribose and phosphate groups are placed outside the helix facing the surrounding water(hydrophilic) whereas the bases are inside the helix(hydrophobic) and are set in a plane at right angle to the long axis.The right-handed DNA forms are called B-DNA having 3.4A distance between the two base pairs and it has 10 base pairs in each turn. DNA can also exist as left-handed and since left-handed DNA follow a zig-zag way,it is called as Z-DNA.The main difference between Z-DNA and B-DNA is that in Z-DNA,one complete helix has 12 base pairs per turn whereas B-DNA has only 10 base pairs per turn. (Gupta,P.K., 2000) Fig.4)a) Structure of double helix, b) DNA structure showing parallel and anti-parallel, c) double helix showing minor and major grooves. (DNA Structures,n.d) In double helix,the two strands of DNA runs opposite in direction ie,5> 3and 3> 5 which means the two strands should be parallel or anti-parallel to make the stabilized structure and hold the two polynucleotides together.There is an interaction of base-pair between the adenine on one strand and a thymine on the other(A=T) and similarly between cytosine and guanine (G ºC (fig.4b) with hydrogen bond two and three rrespectively.These pairing of this two strands creates minor and major grooves on the surfaces of double helix(fig.4c) . In DNA double helix,one strand act as parent strand and the other new strand as template which synthesize complementary daughter strands(fig.5).The double helix is hold together by H-bonding between complementary base pairs and base stacking interaction. (Voet,D. Et al Fig.5 DNA replication. Each strand of a parental DNA acts as a template for the synthesis of a complementary daughter strand. (Voet,D. et al,2006) Structure of RNA RNA(ribonucleic acid) is the second type of nucleic acid found in throuhtout the cell. In case of RNA , it has a sugar and an -OH group at 2 carbon atom(fig.6). Fig.6 Structure of ribose. (RNA Structure,n.d) Similarly, RNA has also four nucleotide bases as purine and pyrimidine(fig.7) except the thymine is replaced by uracil in pyrimidine. Purines:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Adenine A  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guanine G   Pyrimidines:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Uracil U  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cytosine C   Fig.7 Structures of RNA bases. (RNA and DNA Structures,n.d) Though RNA is single -stranded structure ,when RNA fold back on itself ,by chance or occasional base pairing and hydrogen bonding ,it forms some of a paired helical structure (fig.8) which results in three dimensional structure and they are copmplex and unique. They form intra-strand base pairs from self complementary region along the chain. Fig.8 Base pairing within a single strand of RNA showing a possible folded structure. (RNA Structure,n.d) The information from RNA determines the protein synthesis through the series of translation which involves three types of RNA molecules to perform different functions: 1)Messenger RNA(mRNA)Structure Messenger RNA(mRNA) is a linear sequence of amino acid in polypeptide chain and has longer chain than the reading frame that has to be translated.To begin and end translation , specific start and stop codons are required. Mostly mRNAs has start (initiator) codons AUG that can be served as methionine codon at 5carbon.. Occasionally GUG and CUG can alsobe used as initiator codon in some of the bacterial and eukaryotic mRNA respectively. GUG codes for valine and CUG for leucine to initiate a protein chain. The stop codon are UAA, UGA and UAG and do not code for any amino acid. The stop codon indicates that translation is to be terminated and the ribosome has to be released polypeptide product. The sequence of start and stop codon are called a reading frame. Codon having overlapping information, mRNA can be translated to different reading frames and formed different polypeptides(fig.9). Each genetic code specifies different amino acids and rarely unusual coding occurs. ( Lodish, etal , 1986) Frame 1 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ GCU UGU UUA CGA AUU A à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ Ala Cys Leu Arg Ile à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ polypeptide 1 Frame 2 5à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ G CUU GUU UAC GAA UUA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ mRNA à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ Leu Val Tyr Glu Leu à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ Ã¢â€š ¬ polypeptide 2 Figure 9; Multiple reading frames in an mRNA sequence ( Lodish , etal , 1986) 2)Transfer RNA(tRNA) Structure Transfer RNA(tRNA) is an adaptor molecule that serve as a bridge between mRNA and the amino acids leading to the Polypeptide chain.tRNA exists in primary,secondary and tertiary structure. A tRNA molecule is chemically linked to amino acids through a bond forming an aminoacyl-tRNA. The general structure of tRNA is represented by Cloverleaf model(fig.10). The anticodon at the bottom is complementary to the mRNA codon with the pairing of base to it. Due to the presence of mRNA codon and tRNA anticodon, base-pairing is in anti-parallel directions.Amino acids are attached to the acceptor stem at the 3 terminus having sequence CCA and protrudes beyond the 5 end. The dihydrouracil loop(D loop)contained always uracil base and TCG loop has invariant sequence of bases.Variable loop has variation in both nucleotides composition and in length. (Lodish,et al,1986) Fig.10. Structure of tRNA. (RNA-Ribonucleic acid,n.d) 3)Ribosome RNA(rRNA) Sructures Ribosome RNA(rRNA) carries ribosome particles and consists of one small and one large subunit ribosome and protein. The rRNA is the largest structure among the RNAs. Each of the subunits composed of one to three rRNA s types and as many as protein components. Comparing to prokaryotes, eukaryotic cells are larger and more particles whereas the eukaryotes has 40s and 60s with 80s for complete ribosome. Functions of DNA †¢ DNA serve as a storage materials for genetic information in all living cells. †¢ Due to the double helical structure,DNA provides more stability storing more genetic information since the double bond required more force to break up the structures . †¢ DNA is building block of the protein synthesis which takes by the process of Central Dogma relationship.Genetic information from the DNA is transcribed to mRNA carrying the genetic codon and later translated to the polypeptide chain. †¢ DNA provides for long term storage of genetic information due to the presence of deoxyribose sugar at 2carbon,thus preventing the formation of cyclic phosphate ester since hydrogen cannot hydrolysis the phosphodiester bond, whereas 2hydroxyl group in RNA act as a nucleophile attacking the phosphodiester bond and results in less efficiency of storing information. (Lodish, ea al,1986) †¢ DNA act as template or semiconservative.During the replication of double helix,DNA double strsnded DNA that consists of one old (template) strand and one new daughter strand. two ddaughter duced pronew daughter strand.This two new DNA molecules is identical to the parents molecule and this type of conservation of old template strand is called semiconservative. †¢ The major and minor grooves formed during the coiling or wounding of duoble strands provides the reading of protein binding DNA.s ( Lodish, etal, 1986) Function of mRNAs: †¢ mRNA carries genetic information which is transcribed from DNA in a linear sequence of amino acid to a peptide chain. †¢ mRNA carries three codons for a specific amino acids.AUG act as start codon for a specified amino acids at 5 and UAA, UAG and UGA as stop codon or termination of translation. Function of tRNA: †¢ The main function of aminoacyl-tRNA is to recognise the specific codon for the activation of correct amino acids. †¢ tRNA make sure that the amino acid are placed in correct sequence to the growing peptide chain during the interaction of codon with the specific anticodon. †¢ Helps in Abinding the growing peptide chain to the ribosome during translation process. ( Conn, E.E.,1987) Function of rRNA: †¢ rRNA could serve as template RNA . †¢ rRNA with ribosome particles provides shapes and structure during protein synthesis. It also helps in speeding or catalysing the chemical reaction by enzyme called ribozymes. The main difference between the DNA and RNA structures are that DNA has deoxyribose sugar and lack one oxygen at carbon 2,wheraes in RNA has ribose sugar and one -OH group attached at carbon 2. DNA is double stranded in nature ,providing more stability than single stranded RNA. Again one big difference is that the presence of thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA srtucture. The main difference in the function of DNA and RNA is that the DNA functions mainly for the storage of genetic informations and the RNA as transcription and translation of genetic informations. Since the DNA is double helix that wound around the plane of the helix hiding the base -paired inside the helix that prevents from contacting with water(hydrophobic) this base pairing interaction provides more stability to the nucleic acids storing more genetic information.In both DNA and RNA base pairing between G ºC provides more stronger and stable bond than the A=T since it requires more force to break up the three H-bonding of G ºC than the A=T. In DNA , thymine is present and instead of thymine uracil is replaced in RNA .Since thymine contain methyl group , this base act as a protection and moreover methyl is strongly neutral. It is methylated group and methylation newly suppresses the migration of DNA segments. These all reasons provides that DNA is strongly stable than RNA nucleic acid. Again methylation can help in identifying the parental (template) strands from newly synthesized strands in DNA strands. Each of the 3end of the sugar are used to initiate the genetic exchange and this point act as primer for DNA replication. The attachment of more ribosome on mRNA provides high sedimentation rate than the unattached ribosomes which means the polyribosome or polysome complexes are actively synthesizing protein than single ribosomes. (Strickberger,M.W.,1976)

Futility in Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot Essay -- Waiting For Go

Beckett explores the theme of futility in an attempt to leave the audience with questions about the meaning of life. The techniques and ways in which he does this vary in relation to the scene but he relies heavily on the use of philosophical and emotive language and a shocking way to intellectually and emotionally engage the audience. All characters that Beckett features in his play are used as literary constructs in creating the tone and setting in which to develop and examine the theme of futility. The theme of futility is linked to the philosophy of Nihilism and grounded in the belief that our universe is stochastic, and therefore structure-less. If life has no structure or coherent meaning it can ultimately be seen as futile. Beckett explores the theme of futility throughout the text in numerous ways. The theme of futility is immediately brought to the forefront in the beginning of the scene through stage directions concerning Estragon’s struggle with his boot. Diction such as ‘he gives up, tries again†¦ as before’ immediately set the tone of the futility of both his actions and the situation. This is further reflected in the setting of the play and the apparent bareness of their surroundings. The theme of futility is further reflected in the cyclical nature of the dialogue in the sense that nothing appears to change and everything is simply repeated, their conversation never reached a definitive conclusion they are ultimately still ‘waiting for Godot’ and longing for answers. The concept of time is used very successfully by Beckett in order to highlight and develop the theme of futility in ‘Waiting for Godot.’ Time can be seen as a very fluid concept in the sense that the audience is never made aware of how l... ...above. Whilst numerous techniques are employed in order to develop and influence the audiences understanding and perception of themes he deems important perhaps the most significant tool, which Beckett utilizes, is the motifs and certain characterization. The play can be considered highly minimalist and therefore the dynamics that exist between the characters are essential in order to demonstrate and explore the theme of futility. Ultimately, the theme of futility and the effect it has on relationships and attitudes can be considered the most significant and widely explored by Beckett. Conclusively, futility is greatly involved in the play and Beckett explores it through methods I have explored in this essay. Works Cited Beckett, Samuel. Waiting For Godot. 3rd ed. N.p.: CPI Group, 2006. Print. Vol. 1 of Samuel Beckett: The Complete Dramatic Works. 4 vols

I Want to Give You My Heart and Soul :: Love Letters Dating Email Relationships

Dear Jared, I was going to bed and wanted to write you a short letter. Thank you so much for having faith in me and in us as a couple. Thank you for making me a better person and for opening up and giving your heart to me. Over the last eight months, I never expected to feel this way nor actually be with you in this way, experiencing life's wonders with you. You are wonderful to me, my friends, and my family. You make me the happiest I have ever been and even though we are apart a lot of the time, I still love the same. The feeling that I get when I am with you is overwhelming. Every time that I get a chance to see you for the first time in awhile and as time goes by, my feelings for you more intense. I was thinking about that earlier tonight, when I am going to see you at the airport. I am getting butterflies in my stomach at the thought of seeing you again. You make everything in my life complete and I can't imagine being with anyone else but you. I'm anxious to see you again Jared. Time is ticking, and it's going by too slow. It takes a strong man to accomplish everything that you have in your life and I am proud of you. You have stuck to your goals and have improved your life so much from what it was before and I am so happy that you respect my beliefs as much as I respect yours. You say that you are going to make me a happy woman ... well, you have already done that, just by being you and showing me love and being so open with your feelings. You are what I have always dreamed of when I was a little girl. You are a man with integrity, honesty, love, affection, good looks, and a charming personality. I never thought I would find you, but here you are.

Regulating Food Advertising for Children

Regulating Food Advertising for Children Mollie Burdick February 14, 2012 HU 101 Critical Thinking Herzing University Online The most popular form of advertisement that companies use is association. This is done by having a famous actor or actress endorse the product by being in a commercial or using that product in their television show or movie. This form of advertisement is more effective in teens wanting to fit in. For even younger children they base what they want by what character or toy is in the commercial or on the front of the box. For example: Tony the tiger, Toucan Sam, and The Captain from Captain Crunch.Children associate things being good for them when they see them presented to them in this way, especially when they hear for example Tony the tiger saying â€Å"their great! † This is why, â€Å"thirty years ago, the marketing industry established the Children’s Advertising Review Unit (CARU) specifically to recognize that material which might be truthful and non-deceptive for adults could still mislead young people† (Liodice, R). There are guidelines for just about every aspect of our lives. Now they are trying to enforce stricter guidelines on how companies advertise their product.But can this be done without violating a company’s right for the freedom of speech? Yes, companies just need to be a little more creative. So in order to help fight childhood obesity, Liodice explains that â€Å"companies, individuals, families, schools, governments and the media need to work together in ways that will bring better health to everyone in this country† Advertisements are being targeted the hardest because children spend way too much time watching television. The average child watches about one thousand hours of television a year. â€Å"On average, children ages 2-5 spend 32 hours a week in front of a TV.Kids ages 6-11 spend about 28 hours a week in front of the TV and 71% of 8- to 18-year-olds have a TV in their bedroo m. † says Kyla Boyse. This shows that children are not being active enough and they are losing their imagination. Our lives are governed by guidelines in every form. But can this be done without violating a company’s right for the freedom of speech? Yes, companies just need to be a little more creative. So in order to help fight childhood obesity, â€Å"companies, individuals, families, schools, governments and the media need to work together in ways that will bring better health to everyone in this country† (Liodice, R).One of the things that the guidelines ignored is â€Å"the point and the fact that adults make the vast majority of food purchases for their families, particularly for younger kids† (Liodice, R). So if the adults don’t buy it the kids wouldn’t be able to eat it. But what the guidelines did not forget is what children do, to get what they want. Example how children will through a temper tantrum if they can’t have what t hey want. So the adults have a tendency to give in to keep the child calm. This problem I blame on the government for taking punishment out of the home.Adults are powerless against children in fear of going to jail for child abuse or child endangerment. Personally I feel a trip to the wood shed would be called for, it never hurt us, but it did get our attention. In order to help stop the bad influences of food commercials on children, companies have started backing off how many food commercials they advertise. According to Nielsen Media Research there was a thirteen percent decline (Liodice, R). Especially during the prime time when children are watching television. This is a start but not the cure for childhood obesity.This is not just a media problem. This is a problem starts at home, children need to play outside more in the fresh air so they get the exercise. T. V. was not designed to be a babysitter, but seeing it has become a babysitter schools, government, companies, individu als, and families all need to work together to stopping childhood obesity. References Boss, J (2010) Think: Critical Thinking and Logic Skills for Everyday Life. Retrieved on February 14, 2012 Kyla Boyse, RN. , August 2010, Television and Children, Retrieved on February 14, 2012 from http://www. med. umich. edu/yourchild/topics/tv. htm

Corporate Finance Case Study: Volkswagen Essay

Volkswagen (VW) Volkswagen (VW) is a German automobile manufacturer which was originally founded in 1937. Now VW Group is one of world’s leading automobile manufacturers and the largest carmaker in Europe, with its recent headquarter in Wolfsburg. VW is one of the ten brands under VW Group. (Volkswagen Homepage, 2011) 2011 VW’s revenue is 159,337 million EUR; net income is 15,409 million EUR, with a profit margin of 9.6707%. (Bloomberg, 2012) The increase from 2010 to 2011 is illustrated obviously in the following chart. (Bloomberg, 2012) Income Statement for Volkswagen AG (VOW) 2010-2011, Bloomberg, 2012 Volkswagen stock (VOW: GR) The current share price, close (Apr 13, 2012) is 119.3 EUR, its 52-week range is 82.350 – 138.800 EUR, and its 1-year return is 14.26%, as well as, market capitalization is 56,601.00 million EUR. (Bloomberg, 2012) Interactive One-year Stock Chart for Volkswagen AG (VOW), Bloomberg, 2011-2012 VOW’s Earning Per Share (ttm) is 33.1 EUR, current P/E Ratio (ttm) is 3.5408, and Dividend Per Share (yield annualized) is 1.8771 EUR. (Bloomberg, 2012) SWOT Analysis In order to draw a conclusion for VW’s stock rating, SWOT analysis is conducted in this part. Strengths High product quality Strong brand equity VW group’s brand portfolio includes Audi, Bentley, Bugatti, Lamborghini, SEAT, 49.9% of Porsche, Giugiaro, Ã…  koda marques and the truck manufacturer Scania and MAN. (VW Homepage, 2012) Strong R&D Weaknesses High costs for implementing the new modular technology (Just-auto, 2012) Inadequate focus on shareholder interests (VW Corporate Governance Code, 2010) Comparatively low productivity Opportunities Good return on VW stocks VW Group Share EPS 2003-2010, VW investor relations, 2012 Large purchasing power increase in Chinese market Acquisitions The Volkswagen Group continued its strategic growth trajectory by acquiring Porsche Holding Salzburg and increasing its stake in MAN SE. (VW ad hoc, 2011) Threats Euro-zone’s debt crisis and consequently global recession in 2011 Increasing fuel price Strong competition from Japanese and American manufacturers Such as Ford, Toyota, Honda, e.t.c. Stock Rating The investment decision made in this report is to hold VW stock, namely equal-weight as its stock rating. First of all, VW has good performance last year; for instance, both VW’s revenue and net income grew considerably from 2010 to 2011, even with the negative influence from European debt crisis in the 4th quarter of 2011. Moreover, last year VW Group continued its strategic growth by acquiring 49.9% of Porsche and increasing its stake in MAN SE. This year only in January and February, VW Passenger Cars’ delivery to customers reached the number of 818,800, with an 8% growth comparing with the same time of last year. In addition, VW’s market is growing continuously and dramatically in China these years. Until 2018, VW’s goal of market growth in China is 29.1%. (VW strategy 2018, 2012) Secondly, VW share’s valuation and earning kept growing stably under the recent years, expect 2009. For example, stock’s EPS grew substantially from 2005 to 2010, which is illustrated clearly in VW Group Share EPS 2003-2010 chart above. Last but not least, from the long-term perspective, VW has very good potential of strategically growth. According to VW’s strategic plan 2018, their future vision is to become the world’s most profitable, fascinating and sustainable automobile manufacturer. Furthermore, even today VW has already very high customer satisfaction (rating scale 8.55 out of 10, 2011) because its high quality and service standards. In order to draw a  conclusion, if we look into the previous SWOT analysis again, today’s internal weakness could become tomorrow’s strength; applying new modular transverse toolkit technique would bring large profit to VW in the long-run, in spite of today’s high R&D and implementing costs. Thus, VW share is a good choice for long-term investment. Nevertheless, taking the external threats into consideration, especially facing nowadays’ depression for both automobile industry and global economy, stock investment should be very cautious, therefore, in summary, we rated VW stock as equal-weight, which means it is recommended to hold the share as long-term investment. References Bloomberg, 2012. http://www.bloomberg.com/quote/VOW:GR Just-auto, 2012. http://www.just-auto.com/news/4-volkswagen-hikes-2011-operating-profit-59-to-new-record_id120644.aspx Volkswagen Homepage, 2011. http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/content/en/homepage.html VW strategy 2018, 2012. http://www.volkswagenag.com/content/vwcorp/info_center/en/talks_and_presentations/2012/03/JPK_IK_2012_Part_III_.bin.html/binarystorageitem/file/Part_III_Charts_Winterkorn.pdf

Learning in SChool

Throughout all my school years there have been many different teachers that have Impacted my life. But there has been one that has truly changed so much of me today, Professor Duran. When I use to think of the term favorite for a teacher I would see it on a teacher who is easy and does not give a work load, but now its different. A favorite teacher to me is someone who cares for their students and makes their greatest effort to teach you what they know even if it requires true dedication from the students side.Professor Duran was a teacher who wanted her students to see the importance of he unjustly ways society is; well at least in English IA. Am sure she would have wanted us to learn much more but within Just one semester was too much to squeeze In. She is a very unique teacher than what I have ever encountered, there has been professors who really do care about their students and advice them but there is teachers like Duran who can get deeper than your soul.The way she taught and she demolished every single piece of critical thinking within us was what really taught me to see things different. She opened up my eyes to not only see the obvious but also more beyond the surface. I came out of professor Durance's class a whole totally different person who looked at society much more distinct. Maybe she did make us put in more effort than what we were to enforcing in every assignment. Onto know how but this taught me to see everything In a positive way, to wake up every day In the morning with a where I envision myself five years from now. How everyday I am a step closer to where I want to be even if its frustrating, or overwhelming but I have to fight through it. It wasn't the way she taught that made me love her style but the way she put her heart In every single day to teach us. That Is what makes a great teacher, a person who can every day come to class and pour her soul into teaching, who truly cares about her students.Professor Duran has a heart of real, tr ue loving person. Learning in SChool By Jimenez impacted my life. But there has been one that has truly changed so much of me squeeze in. She is a very unique teacher than what I have ever encountered, there assignment. I don't know how but this taught me to see everything in a positive way, to wake up every day in the morning with a where I envision myself five years from heart in every single day to teach us. That is what makes a great teacher, a person

Learning and perception Essay

Learning and perception can be related regarding the sensory abilities of the human mind to understand, calculate, and assign learning experiences to our sensory motors. For instance, a child will stay away from a stove if he/she is burned by an eye. At this typical age, a child is unaware of the concept of heat or hot but they can register thousands of experiences through their use of touch. In perceptional learning, human instincts are the accomplices in discovering new and exciting experiences through sensory (Freeman, 1991). According to Freeman (1991), learning has an impact on our ability to perceive experiences accurately. As an example, a child that views domestic violence on a daily basis may assume it is natural. This child could develop an ineffective sensory to pain by observing and experiencing it from a violent adult. In turn, the child may develop an innocent perception that pain is equal to normal. His or her learning of domestic violence is different from others so his or her perception of violence may not affect their judgment during a violent occurrence with others (Perception, 2006). Another obvious connection of learning and perception is the human’s ability to adjust oneself to the visual make up of others in a social surrounding. Debutants contribute to the development of young women and men. Their intentions are to teach social etiquette for proper associations mainly available in higher social classes. For instance, a debutant from a wealthy family may see a debutant from an underprivileged home as an equal if financial status was not a factor. The visual perception of the reality is seen only superficially. As the learning of the financial status of both debutants are known, the image might change one’s perception of the underprivileged Debutant. The relationship between perception and learning is evident in every day life in which people learn of their surroundings and act accordingly (Freeman, 1991). Works Cited Freeman, Walter J. â€Å"The Physiology of Perception† Scientific American, Vol. 264 (2) 78-85. Perception. Accessed on December 15, 2008 at http://www. a2zpsychology. com/PSYCHOLOGY_GUIDE/Perception. htm.

Internal and External Factors affect the four functions of management Essay

Internal and External Factors Affecting the Four Functions of Management In relation to the four functions of management, there are several internal and external factors that affect an organization’s success. Using DaVita, Inc. as an example, we can look at each internal factor that would affect the function of management and the external factors. Internal factors would include ethics, innovation and diversity while external factors would include globalization and technology. When we look at why DaVita would consider globalization, we would need to consider the external factors that created this need. In general, when a company looks outside of the country for support it is watching what the competitors are doing. DaVita has found an area where they can run their clinics much more economical. The cost for labor is less which is their highest cost of operation. They also need to consider they have tapped most of the resources available in the United States for growth. They need new areas to continue to grow and dialysis is a global disease. They saw an opportunity with providing high quality dialysis in the less fortunate areas in the world that do not provide that currently (Travis, 2012). DaVita sat down and began the plan of expanding for this purpose. After they specified the goal and thought of the appropriate actions to get there, the next step was to organize. They needed to find a way for everyone to work together to make this a successful transition. The executives began the campaign to lead the group to their vision by helping everyone see what they saw. Only if everyone was on the same page, would this be successful. The support of the public is necessary in order to get through any scrutiny this may cause. After they were able to implement their idea, it was time to control the plan and determine if it was successful or not. The clinical model that DaVita provides to these other countries make this more affordable to the general population and is proven to be able to serve from the current 6% of kidney failure patients to  20-30% (Peerzada, 2012). This would be a significant success for DaVita to accomplish their plan of providing this service to areas that cannot provide this service. In reference to diversity, DaVita is a company that operates in eleven countries in addition to the United States. They deal with diversity on a daily basis. As individuals in the company start to plan their next goal, evaluating who uses thei r service is key. The ideas need to be innovative but also needed by the customer. The target audience is people with kidney failure, but from any nationality. This is key when deciding how customers will pay for the service as well as how to market to them. When management is organizing their plans they must consider where they will get the resources to accomplish this. Moving forward will be challenging when dealing with such a diverse group. Language barriers, culture, cultural norms and resource availability to name a few of the things that need to be considered. When DaVita moves forward with the idea, having effective diverse leaders will prove most valuable. Leaders must posess the ability to communicate with a variety of people. Placing people in various locations is key, and having employees trained in diversity, cultural norms and each countries policy’s. When doing business around the globe, leaders need the ability to motivate someone from China as well as India without violating their beliefs or values. Also leaders need to find a common ground with their staff as well as lead the staff to working as a team. Monitoring such a diverse group will be challenging but also rewarding. The goals set at the beginning of the project will need to be realistic as well as based on each countries health care options. As change needs to happen, they must recognize this and have the right person in place to make those changes will be key. Having a diverse group can bring various insight to a team. An organization must be able to embrace this insight and experience to allow the company to prosper. Using technology effectively can improve and at the same time be inconvenient in the work place. Stress level can rise in employees when the innovation of technology is introduced. Dedicated employees must learn new abilities. They are usually forced to gain skills involving their judgment, when and how to best use technology. Some can see technology as a positive improvement, others can over due the use and become workaholics since there is flexibility that applies and they can even work from home. Advanced and efficient service is a cause of stress in some  employees. The internet has become an impact not just for business but also by individuals. DaVita has made many dedicated changes in their technology some affecting their job performance. Some of their equipment has been changed for better usage and process improvement. As an organization, they focus on the studies and protocol that provide resource of disease and cancer indicators. Chief Executive Officer, Jim Joyce, was selective when the pioneer development of the use of therapeutic filtration devices addressed infectious diseases, cancer and other life-threating conditions. They presented research o nce they were cleared by the FDA of their device. This company was presented the opportunity to change their equipment for better usage and productivity. Referring to innovation, Davita finds consistent dedication to differentiate itself from other kidney companies. With hard work from each employee they use innovative skills and teamwork. The interesting message that I learned from reading DaVita’s website is the word DaVita is italian for â€Å"giving life â€Å". It is a company that specifically treats for kidney health. Regardless of the size, all organizations use and develop ways to manage with tact, strategy and decision-making. They use the four functions of management such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling. Of the many health care companies that are part of the fortune 500, DaVita is one healthcare provider that brings variety. It provides variety of health care service to patient populations through the United States and abroad. Striving to improve patient’s quality of life and innovative clinical care they were able to offer integrity in treatment plans. This company serves 73 outpatient dialysis centers located in 10 countries outside the United States. They actually focus on programs that are dedicated to bring positive changing communities around the world. DaVita is inv olved in leadership programs that help develop innovation as a part of their social responsibilities. With teams and strong leaders, the company works on basic techniques to reach to those all around the world. DaVita has employees all around the nation. An example of ethics that the company has implemented is to create their own management concept. Davita educates patients with information of their core values. They take privacy serious and comply with policy that protects patient equality. Goals, objectives and tactics are part of their focus on engaging service excellence. This helps eliminate not meeting  expectations that arise by their doctor, team members and patients. They collaborate with integrity and believe in what they say. As I gather from their website on their mission and values section they use phrases like â€Å"one for all, and all for one!†. Together they share purpose and common goals. There is always room for improvement with commitment. They set aside goals that influence their team. When planning for requirement and values they come together as one te am working towards one goal. In conclusion, organizations use function of management to successfully accomplish the goals and objectives. Working in different areas, the four functions are used in globalization, innovation, diversity, technology and the ethics of a company. DaVita dialysis focuses on the health of the kidney and find a method to comply with these functions. They have goals that encourage all employees to determine the best functions for positive success. References Bateman, T. S., & Snell, S. A. (2011). Management: Leading and Collaborating in a Competitive World (9th ed.). Phoenix, AZ: Author. DaVita, Inc. (2014). www.Davita.com. Retrieved from http://www.davita.com Peerzada, A. (2012, January 12). US-based DaVita picks up stake in NephroLife Care for India entry. Retrieved from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2012-01-12/news/30620033_1_davita-dialysis-renal-failure Travis, T. (2012, October 2). Time To Follow Berkshire Into DaVita. Retrieved from http://seekingalpha.com/articla/901091-time-to-follow-berkshire-into-davita