Food and Beverage Management Essay - 1633 Words

International Food and Beverage Management 2208 HSL Individual Written Assignment Semester 1, 2009 Food and Beverage Management within the hotel industry has changed dramatically over the years. This can be seen through a number of measures, although only in more recent years, particularly in outsourcing. This essay will discuss the implications of outsourcing various elements of hotels’ food and beverage operations. It will go into further detail on the certain theories based around the decision making for whether to outsource or to produce goods and services on one’s own. It will then discuss past research and implications outsourcing has on the hotel†¦show more content†¦|Purpose of Outsourcing |Mean |Rank |Standard Deviation | |1. Reducing risk of business failure |5.88 |1 |0.97 | |2. Allowing hotel to better utilise internal resources |5.77 |2 |1.08 | |3. Generate more revenues |5.64 |3 |1.27 | |4. Reducing operation costs |5.32 |4 |1.50 | |5. Using the well-know brand name of the outsourcing supplier|5.18 |5 |1.25 | |6. Utilising the management expertise provided by the |5.04 |6 |1.26 | |outsourcing supplier | | | | |7. Using the outsourcing supplier to develop new markets |4.96 |7 |1.42 | |8. Using the outsourcing supplier’s expertise to meet |4.79 |8 |1.53 | |challenges of hotel globalisation | |Show MoreRelatedThe Food And Beverage Management1506 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Food and beverage management is very significant function for each and every hospitality organization. The current research report focuses on the food and beverage operation management (Heizer and et al, 2009). The whole research report is based on case study of Queens Head restaurant and its food and beverage management. The current study includes the assessment of the operation system and its effectiveness for organization. Further, it focuses on the critical appraisal of the operationRead MoreThe Food And Beverage Management1971 Words   |  8 Pagesto socialize and catch up. Every human being has to eat to be able to survive and have energy, everyone likes to enjoy their meal with some sort of beverage with accompanies with friends in an enjoyable atmosphere. Eating in restaurants is an excellent way to celebrate a special occasion with many people (Walker, 2008.). The food and beverage management in hotels is defined as the most compound areas of the hospitality industry this because of the variation of cuisine outlets in a hotel. There areRead MoreFood And Beverage Operations Management1050 Words   |  5 Pageste Diploma Food and Beverage Operations Management AMFO600 Assessment Two Case Study – Control Systems Semester One 2016 Lecturer: Roderick Turner Student name: Xiaochen Gong Student I.D.: 99138745 Submission date: Tuesday 31 May 2016Table of Contents 1. Executive summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Discussion 5 3.1. The objectives of the food and beverage control system 5 3.2. The relevant procedures of food and beverage control system 6 3.3. Control procedures, legislation and correct actionsRead MoreInternational Food and Beverage Management847 Words   |  4 PagesFrom a food and beverage managers perspective - What are the important characteristics and procedures of a food and beverage establishment in relation to its size, type, market, design, planning and organization? The importance of planning and designing procedures for a food and beverage establishment is essential for a successful establishment. Procedures are the cautions taken to ensure that the operation is running effectively and efficiently to meet demands of the customer, with an effectiveRead MoreFood And Beverage Operations Management1810 Words   |  8 PagesGraduate Diploma Food and Beverage Operations Management AMFO600 Assessment Two Case Study – Control Systems Semester One 2016 Lecturer: Roderick Turner Student name: Xiaochen Gong Student I.D.: 99138745 Submission date: Tuesday 31 May 2016Table of Contents 1. Executive summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Discussion 5 3.1. The objectives of the food and beverage control system 5 3.2. The relevant procedures of food and beverage control system 6 3.3. Control procedures, legislation and correctRead MoreHospitality Management Food and Beverage1285 Words   |  6 PagesProduct Characteristics Types of Menus What is a â€Å"Menu†? A menu is a document used to inform guests what is available on offer, clearly. In other words it is a list of food beverages available on sale. The list consists a description and the prices of such item offered. It is called a bill of fair in English and â€Å"Menu† in French. The variety in choice of Menus In smaller restaurants the choice of menu items offered is usually limited. Where as in high-class restaurants where theRead MoreFood And Beverage Industry : Supply Chain Management1123 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: - Food and beverage industry today has become one of the most competitive industries in the world. Recognizing that supply chain management is a core strategy and achieving world class performance in this strategy by developing and managing supply chains that provide flexibility, response time and delivery performance that exceed the competition is a key to survival in the food and beverage industry. The largest production sectors of food industry are brewing, milling, baking, confectioneryRead MoreTrends in Food and Beverage Management Paper913 Words   |  4 PagesThe food and beverage manager job is to keep up with everything that pertains to our business. Trends and technology are the biggest aspects we deal with on a daily basis. Keeping up with the trends and the latest technologies keeps many businesses in business. Every company wants to offer the next big thing to get ahead of the competition. Some of the latest trends in the food and beverage industry are putting on the menu s the nutritional value of the food items, using local produce, modified casualRead MoreCustomer Experience Management At The Food And Beverage Staff1691 Words   |  7 Pages In any industry, it is important for food and beverage staff to share their experiences of service recovery. Service recovery is important in managing negative moments of truth to achieve high service standards. However, to achieve high service standards, effective communication and teamwork are competencies that all Food and Beverage attendants should possess. In addition, staff training programs can assist in ensuring that all staff members have these attributes to achieve high service standardsRead MoreOperations Management Of Food And Beverage Industry : Imporatance Of Financial Analysis1257 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Operations Management in Food and Beverage Industry: Imporatance of Financial Analysis ENTER A QUOTE HERE Operations management has been the most crucial part of a business since people starting trading goods and services. Operations management deals with the development, manufactoring and production of the goods and services which are then marketed and sold in the market for a profit. It involves and oversees the research and decelopment sectors all the way through production of the goods

Essay on Obedience - 755 Words

Obedience is the process by which individuals comply with the instructions given by an authority figure not to be confused with conformity. There is one similarity between obedience and conformity which is that both involved a renunciation Of personal responsibility. There is three differences between Obedience and Conformity. The first one is that in Obedience an order or an instruction is given whereas no instructions or order is given in conformity. The second one is that in obedience there will be a difference of status e.g : a doctor and a nurse whereas in conformity the group followed will have the same equal status. And the last one is that in obedience it is about status and power whereas in conformity it is a need of being†¦show more content†¦On three of the participants full seizures were observed. There are different sorts of explanations for MILGRAM experiment following the findings to that experiment. Situational explanations and dispositional explanations. The situational explanations are that the participants will need to be in a socially obedient environment that means that the authorities seen that environment as legitimate and trustworthy. There is a need of graduated commitment which means that there is a move from a reasonable request to an unreasonable one(s). But there is also an Agentic state, an agentic state means that there is an acting agent for someone else who is not responsible. The dispositional explanations are that the participants got a rigid belief in the conventional values, that there is a general hostility towards the other groups, that there is an intolerance of ambiguity but also a submissive attitude to the authority figures and that you have to consider the importance of the early childhood experiences. If we should have a discussion on MILGRAM study, we should have a look at the experiment but with a few variations such as a relocation to another environment less prestigious, or that the participants are forced to see the pain inflicted to the learner or again a refusal from the confederate. All those variations will probably have an effect on the results of MILGRAM experiment, results such as that the participants will be lessShow MoreRelatedMilgram s Research On Obedience Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Milgram decide to study this topic? What was the motivating factor/event that inspired Milgram to research obedience? †¢ The main reason that Milgram decided to study the topic of obedience was to better understand the extreme inhumane conditions that Jews faced during the holocaust at the hands of German soldiers. Over the 12 year period between the early 1930’s through the mid 1940’s millions of Jews died in death camps run by Germans. Since Milgram himself was of Jewish descent, MilgramRead MoreAuthority Is A Fundamental Part Of Life Essay2069 Words   |  9 Pagesuse authority to maintain order and obedience throughout communities. Parents possess characteristics of authority in order to teach children right from wrong. As well as, teachers are considered authority figures since they need to control and maintain obedience in the classroom. Authority cannot exist without obedience. Society is developed on this notion. Without authority, and its required obedience, disorder and disruption would occur. But how much obedience to authority is necessary? When isRead MoreAnalysis Of Just Do What The Pilot Tells You831 Words   |  4 PagesDalrymple, is a British physician who discusses why blind obedience is discouraged. His article, â€Å" Just Do What the Pilot Tells You†, was first published in the New Statesman. In this specific article, he touches on points in our lives when we are supposed to do what we are told. Disobedience is when a person chooses to disobey some sort of order they were directed to do. The main point that the author is trying to make is that neither obedience or disobedience should be more prominent than the otherRead MoreObedience : Obedience And Obedience1997 Words   |  8 PagesOBEDIENCE Obedience can be described as an action exhibited by an individual as a result of direct command or order from another person who is normally in position of authority. Obedience take place when an authority figure ask a person to do something, this usually entails people with status, that is, someone giving the command has to be above the person the order is being given to. Everyday Examples of Obedience Obedience plays a vital role in everyday life; it is an expectation for people to obeyRead MoreA Study On Obedience And The Obedience1178 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to do a study on the obedience to an authority figure, and the obedience is a situationist experiment that evidences what happened the real life (Badhwar, 2009). Milgram’s idea was the Holocaust situation and the Nazis who had the authority over European Jews, during World War II, when the Nazi killed thousands of people because they had power, as well as how lived Nazis enemies in the death camps. The point of the research was people behavior in the obedience situation, and Holocaust situationRead MoreHow To Train Your Dog Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesdog, create a job for him to do such as pulling the kids around the yard in a cart. Practice Your dog is well-exercised and he understands that he needs to refer to you, so now is the time to teach commands. When you begin teaching your dog obedience commands, it will take practice. First, verbalize the command and attempt to get the dog to obey without any touching. For example, if you are teaching â€Å"sit†, you can draw the treat in a straight line form the top of the head. The dog will naturallyRead MoreDog Training The Easy Way817 Words   |  4 Pagesrecommend them, your friends can recommend them, websites such as Angie s list can recommend them. There are many questions you ll probably have for the trainer, but here are a few to bear in mind: What you want your dog to be able to do? Simple obedience is light years from therapy dog training which is a perhaps smaller journey from bomb identification and disposal. Make sure your perspective trainer has experience with your desired outcome. Can you take part? Training where you and your dog learnRead MoreThe Levels Of Obedience1224 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause there was a division of labor. Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi organizer of these mass murders, never saw the direct effects of the genocide he was orchestrating. After the Holo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to authority; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings useful information, while others thought his experiment was morally unacceptable due to his useRead MoreEssay on Obedience1004 Words   |  5 PagesErin Poulsen ACP W131 Mr. Scanlan 19 October, 2015 Comparative Critique Obedience and Disobedience has been a part of key moments in history. Many have studied forms of obedience to learn how it affects people and situations. For example, Stanley Milgram conducted a well-known experiment in which the subject, named the â€Å"teacher† must shock the â€Å"learner† every time he doesn’t remember a word pair from a memory test. The focus of this study is on the teacher, and whether they will administerRead MoreObedience Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesObedience In this essay I am going to write on how obedience can affect individuals on how they would normally behave and integrate in society. The meaning of Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual, who is usually an authority figure. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. (McLeod, 2007) Migram (1963) conducted a study on how obedient a person would be to an authority

Analyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play

Analyzing Database Management Systems Data. It encompasses every person on earth, whether they realize it or not. Throughout each’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with the hope of discovering new information. How they accomplish this is particularly interesting and opens the door for a larger discussion. In the world of computer science large groups of data collected are referred to as databases. When there is a multitude of these databases, a way to manage all of the information is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"OLAP summarizes data and makes forecasts,† and â€Å"Data mining discovers hidden patterns in data† [2]. In general, OLAP evaluates information in a broader sense while data mining can be appli ed to find deeper levels of information which may not have been known. The two approaches that may be operated separately or implemented together to create another way of analyzing data. OLAP Online analytical processing (OLAP) is generally used to provide analysis of complex data. Often it is applied with a data warehouse. A data warehouse is similar to a regular database but they have differences. According to Inmon a data warehouse is â€Å"a subject-oriented, integrated, non-volatile, time-variant collection of data in support of management’s decisions [3]. Data warehouses provide more detailed information than regular databases, one reason they are recommended for analytics. Another way of describing it is, â€Å"Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to generate wiser and faster decisions. [4] When using OLAP tools with data warehousing it can give the decision maker a clear advantage, which could give insight into why it is so highly valued. These mechanisms can help increase efficiency and provide them with a powerful advantage. At the core of any OLAP system is an OLAP cube Analyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play Analyzing Database Management Systems Data. It is all around every person on this earth whether they realize it or not. Throughout each and everyone’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with hope of discovering new information. How they do this is particularly interesting and opens the door for a larger discussion. In the world of computer science large groups of data that are collected are referred to as databases. When there is a multitude of these databases, a way to manage all of this information is needed. That is where database management systems (DBMS) come into play. â€Å"A database management system is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose soft ware system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications† [1]. Analyzing these database managements systems could potentially have huge benefits since companies could determine when and where to sell products, track certain trends, and possibly predict future outcomes. Two popular ways to analyze these large amounts of data are OLAP, online analytical processing tools and/or data mining. According to Oracle, one of theShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play1888 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyzing Database Management Systems Data. It encompasses every person on earth, whether they realize it or not. Throughout each’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with the hope of discovering new information. How they accomplish this is particularlyRead MoreBig Data Vs. Public Sector Organizations Essay2516 Words   |  11 Pagespublic sector organizations have come to appreciate that the key to better decisions, more effective customer or citizen engagement, sharper competitive edge, hyper efficient operations and compelling product and service development is data — and lots of it (Cameron McNaught,2010). Today the situation they face is not any shortage of that raw material. In a way that the wealth of unstructured online data alone has swollen the a lready torrential flow from transaction systems and demographic sources butRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Database Management Systems1207 Words   |  5 Pageseasily accessible. Finally, the invention of the computers led to the evolution of databases. Databases are important, because thanks to them humans are able to store and later on retrieve information. The way in which databases arise is very simple. It all begins as a list in a word-processing system. As the size of the list increases, the data starts to appear inconsistent. If this occurs, Database Management Systems come to help, due to the fact they can store a large amount of information in a numberRead MoreWhy Are Information Systems So Essential For Running And Managing A Business Today?1458 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One 1. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today? An organization’s information system is capable of very important tasks and it is important for any business to exploit its capabilities. Information systems are important to businesses because they process data from the businesses’ input to generate information that is crucial for managing operations. The following points will explain why information systems are important to businesses: †¢ OperationalRead MoreDatabase Systems and Data Management Essay2764 Words   |  12 PagesData Management 3 2.1 Database 3 2.2 Database Systems 3 2.2.1 Requirement modeling 4 2.2.2 Schema design : 4 2.2.3 Implementation 4 2.3 Project 4 3. Data Mining 5 3.1 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ITCS 6162) 5 3.1.1 Association rules 6 3.1.2 Classification 7 3.1.3 Clustering 7 3.1.3.1 Partitioning methods 8 3.1.3.2 Hierarchical methods 8 3.1.4 Anomaly Detection 8 3.1.4.1 Graphical based 9 3.1.4.2 Statistical based 9 3.1.4.3 Distance based 9 3.2 Knowledge Based Systems (ITCSRead MoreReview Quesition20349 Words   |  82 PagesDATABASE SOLUTIONS (2nd Edition) THOMAS M CONNOLLY CAROLYN E BEGG SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 1 Introduction- Review questions 1.1 List four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1. Some examples could be: †¢ A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacturer; †¢ An advertising company keeping details of all clients and adverts placed with them; †¢ A training company keeping course information and participants’Read MoreRdbms Notes17718 Words   |  71 Pages1 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION:DATA :- Data is a collection of facts, which is in unorganized but they can be organized into useful form. Data is of two types :1.Raw Data :- It is a Data which are collected from different sources and has no meaning. ` 2. Derived Data :- It is a data that are extracted from Raw Data and used for getting useful information. Derived Data is called as INPUTDATA. INPUT DATA is processed to get the OUTPUT data. The OUTPUT DATA is called asRead MoreBusiness Intelligence and Technology1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbut coexisting information systems. ETL plays an important role in BI project today. ETL stands for extraction, transformation and loading. ETL is a process that involves the following tasks: Extracting data from source operational or archive systems which are the primary source of data for the data warehouse; transforming the data - which may involve cleaning, filtering, validating and applying business rules; loading the data into a data warehouse or any other database or application that housesRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Service Request4514 Words   |  19 Pagesdeveloping and deploying a customer tracking system through a Kudler Frequent Shopper Program (KFSP) that would provide KFF data on shopping habits of cliental and in return provides customers with high-end incentives for shopping. The project will require the determination of requirements from KFF and their client base and a system analysis. This paper follows a systems analysis process by exploring business objectives and models, current and proposed system analysis, project constraints, functionalRead MoreCis5153190 Words   |  13 PagesDATABASE ADMINISTR ATOR FOR DEPARMENT STORE CIS 515-Strategic Planning Of Database Systems Potential sales and department store transactions stored within the database. Following the successful expansion of the retail environment to several new stores there is a clear need for an enterprise wide relational database especially with the envisaged increase in sales as a result of current marketing activity. There are several important steps to consider when designing

The Heavens and Earth Essay Example For Students

The Heavens and Earth Essay Even to the casual observer, using just the ability of the human eye, there is a noticeable order in the manner of the movement of the celestial objects as they travel across the sky. The Sun, Moon, and the stars, all have a discernable pattern to their rising and setting. Upon closer observance, one might notice slight seasonal changes in the relative location on the horizon where the Sun rises and sets. Alternatively, one can notice more drastic variations in the Moon’s relative position, the timing of its appearances, and the variation of the portion of the Moon that is illuminated on any given night. In addition, the stars, if tracked even for a short period, clearly have a pattern to their rising and setting on any given night. Again on careful observance over a period of time one can see that there is a seasonal variation to the location of some stars, with some not being visible at certain time of the year, and others appearing instead. Finally, still with the naked eye, if one were to place close attention, one would notice that some of these â€Å"stars† do not follow the same pattern, and seem to follow different rules. So, what do the observable facts all add up to? Are there rules of order that the celestial objects follow? If one were to study the celestial objects long enough, could one discover the rules and be able to accurately predict the movements of celestial objects with accuracy? Surely, peoples of ancient civilizations pondered the same type of questions. Historians and archeologists have found physical evidence that ancient civilizations had an active interest it the apparent motion of the celestial objects. Stonehenge in England, The Bighorn Medicine Wheel in the United States, and the Carncol temple in Mexico, are all thought to be examples of structures built by ancient peoples to mark the changing seasons and the corresponding movement of the celestial bodies. It is thought that ancient peoples kept track of the movement of celestial bodies for the purpose of establishing yearly calendars for planting and harvesting, and in the aid of navigating on the open seas (Chaisson 30-31). The exact intentions of the ancient peoples can not ascertained due to the lack of written records. Many Historians assume it that the ancient’s quest for knowledge of the motion of celestial bodies was of a practical nature, not one of strict scientific inquiry. The ancient Greeks, who kept written records, applied the use of logic and careful observation in attempts to understand the physical and celestial world, as they knew it. The Greeks did not tend to study the practical and applied aspects of science, but were more so interested in the theoretical aspects of their inquiries (Adler 123). One person who studied the apparent motion of the celestial bodies was the Greek philosopher Aristotle who lived between 384-322 B. C. Aristotle using careful observation and logic mistakenly concluded that the Earth was at the center of the Universe and that all of the celestial bodies such as the Sun, Moon and the Stars moved in perfect circular orbits around the earth (Window 1). Aristotle’s view of the Earth as the center of the Universe was widely accepted and was the basis for the theories of other ancient astronomers. In an effort to further explain the Aristotelian concept of a geocentric universe, where every celestial object revolved around the earth, astronomers of that time came up with a model. In this model, each planet was assumed to move around a small circle, an epicycle. The center of this epicycle would then orbit in a larger circle around the Earth; this larger circle was termed as the deferent (see Fig. 1). With this type of model, the astronomers could explain the sometimes retrograde movement, the apparent reverse movement of some of the planets. .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .postImageUrl , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:hover , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:visited , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:active { border:0!important; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:active , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ryan Scadlock EssayBy fine tuning the size of the of the epicycle and deferent circles, the astronomers of that time could explain and predict the motions of the Moon and planets with some degree of accuracy (Chaisson 32-33). Figure 1: Epicycle (Ptolemy’s Devices 1) Astronomers sought to further fine tune the model of a geocentric universe as more observations and movements of the planets did not quite fit the existing models. One such astronomer was Ptolemy, who was of Greek nationality, but lived in Egypt in the second century A. D. Ptolemy’s system consisted of 80 epicycles, set into a complex pattern, to explain and justify the movements of the five known planets at that time, the Sun, and the Moon. Ptolemy published his model and explanation in a thirteen book set called Mathematical Syntaxis. This geocentric model of the universe, termed the Ptolemaic model, was the accepted standard for the motion of celestial bodies for over a thousand years. It has been suggested that Ptolemy devised this model as a method for calculating positions, but may not have believed in it’s absolute depiction of reality (Nineplanets 1-2). The Ptolemaic model, based upon the flawed premise that the earth was the center of the Universe, required a complex set of mathematical rules to explain the movements of the celestial bodies. Not all ancient astronomers agreed with the geocentric view, one notable exception was the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B. C. ). Aristarchus views stated that the Sun was the center, with the Earth and all the other planets revolving around the Sun. The strength of Aristarchus’ argument could not overcome Aristotle’s persuasive logical and philosophical reasoning that man and therefore the Earth, was the center of the Universe. Therefore, Aristotle’s philosophical argument supported by Ptolemy’s complex model remained the basis for the western world’s understanding of the Universe for over a thousand years (Chaisson 33-34). One must remember that during this time all observations and subsequent conclusions were based upon what the naked eye could see; these ancient astronomers and philosophers did not have telescopes. The geocentric concept based upon visual data, paired with Ptolemy’s model was accurate enough to fulfill the needs of the times. One might wonder how this basic mistake could be passed along for centuries. The answer lies in the fact that after the fall of the Roman and Greek civilizations, the Western world reverted to small feudal states, where technology and the quest for scientific knowledge were not of importance. In this period of Western civilization, the Church was the main reservoir of knowledge (Adler 207-220). Since the geocentric view concurred with the language in the Bible, there was no reason to doubt the validity of Ptolemy’s model. In the sixteenth-century, a Polish cleric, astronomer, and mathematician, Nicholas Copernicus, seeking to further understand the Universe, came upon Aristarchus’s heliocentric views, which the planets all revolved around the Sun, and reasserted them to explain the motions of the celestial bodies. Copernicus disagreed with the physics of Ptolemy’s model, believing that the underlying principles were incorrect, not the math or observations. The bold change that Copernicus suggested was that the Sun was the center of the Universe, with the planets revolving around the Sun in perfect circular orbits. He felt that this heliocentric model would better express harmony in the Universe. Copernicus’s model although based upon the correct view of the Sun being the center of the known Universe, was still flawed with the idea that the planets had perfectly circular orbits. Because of this flaw, he had to retain the concept of epicycles and the accompanying complicated mathematical concepts to explain it all. Although his model was flawed, Copernicus was the first to combine physics and mathematics, to produce a working model that was giant step forward towards a correct astronomical model (Treasure-Trove 1-5). .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .postImageUrl , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:hover , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:visited , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:active { border:0!important; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:active , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Strength and Racism in 'The Secret Life of Bees' EssayIt would take the careful observations of Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), under the thoughtful analysis of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), with the supporting empirical observation of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) with the use of a telescope of astronomical observations for the first time, to convince the western world that the heliocentric model was the correct view of the Universe. Even with this seemingly overwhelming evidence, not all accepted the heliocentric model, because the Church stuck to the geocentric model, which was agreed with the language and descriptions of the Universe in the Bible. The Church was involved in a fundamental struggle of it’s own with the Protestant Reformation. The Church could not admit it had been wrong about the basic form of the Universe, without chancing that it’s detractors would then say it had been also wrong about other basic tenets (Stearns 230-232). Galileo’s observations and writings were instrumental in changing the Western world’s view, but it would take the equal brilliance of Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) to really expound upon the physics, empirical data and mathematics of the his predecessors and explain the workings of the known Universe of that time (Chaisson 34-50). The current understanding of the Universe is that the planets revolve around the sun, but the Sun itself is by no means at the center of the known Universe. Modern astronomers, and scientists are face the same handicap that the ancients faced, one can only propose theories and come to conclusions based upon current knowledge and sometimes wild speculation, but one still has to wonder how that current accepted facts will hold up to future discoveries of science and astronomy.