A Report on Kingfisher Airlines Essay

Outline of Airlines industry in India The flight business in India is one of those areas that saw a steady pace of development among different ventures on the planet over the past numerous years. The open sky strategy of the administration has helped a great deal of abroad players entering the aeronautics advertise in India. From that point, it has just been developing as far as players and the quantity of airplanes. At present, private aircrafts represent around 75% bit of the local aeronautics showcase. The ninth biggest avionics showcase on the planet is India. Taking the assistance of the insights from the Ministry of Civil Aviation, roughly 29.8 million travelers made a trip to/from India in 2008, demonstrating a flood of 30% from 2007. The forecast expressed that global travelers will contact 50 million by 2015. More open doors in the flight business in India are probably going to clear a path for around 69 remote carriers from 49 nations. Development of avionics industry in India The Indian Civil Aviation advertise developed at a CAGR of 18%, being esteemed round US$ 5.6 billion of every 2008. Further measurements uncovered that the air traffic in August 2009 was a twofold digit figure. The local aircrafts flew 3.67 million travelers in August 2009, as against 2.92 million in the relating time of 2007, up by 26%. The Center for Asia Pacific Aviation (CAPA) has evaluated that the local traffic will go up by 25% to 30% till 2010 alongside a flood in the worldwide rush hour gridlock by 15%. There would be in excess of 100 million travelers by 2010. Of course by 2020, Indian air terminals will no doubt handle more than 100 million travelers consistently. The venture plans to the tune of US$ 9 billion has been made by the Aviation Ministry for modernizing the current air terminals by 2010. As far as household passengers’ volume, US have consistently been the pioneer with devotees in the class like China, Japan and India. The quantity of household flights went up by 69% from 2005 to 2008, with the local flying part developing at 9-10%. Vision â€Å"The Kingfisher Airlines family will reliably convey a sheltered, esteem based and pleasant travel understanding to all our guests.† Strategic  â€Å"Kingfisher Airlines will have ‘Fly the Good Times’ approach and this will reflect in the experience we will offer to travelers Presentation Kingfisher Airlines Limited is an aircraft bunch situated in India Its administrative center is in Andheri (East), Mumbai and Registered Office in UB City, Bangalore. Kingfisher Airlines, through its parent organization United Breweries Group, has a half stake in ease bearer Kingfisher Red. The carrier has been confronting money related issues for a long time. Until December 2011, Kingfisher Airlines had the second biggest offer in India’s residential air travel advertise. Anyway because of a serious money related emergency looked by the aircraft toward the start of 2012, it has the most reduced piece of the overall industry since April 2012.The carrier has briefly closed down its tasks when on October 20, 2012 the DGCA suspended its flying permit. This suspension had been because of inability to give a powerful reaction to the show-cause notice gave by DGCA. Be that as it may, The aircraft had bolted out its representatives for a few days before this suspension. On 25 October 2012, the representatives consented to come back to work. Vital Management â€Å"Strategic the executives is a progressing procedure that evaluates the business and the ventures wherein the organization is included; surveys its rivals and defines objectives and methodologies to meet all current and possible contenders; and afterward rethinks every methodology yearly or quarterly [i.e. regularly] to decide how it has been executed and whether it has succeeded or needs substitution by another methodology to meet changed conditions, new innovation, new contenders, another monetary condition., or another social, money related, or political environment.† (Lamb, 1984) The methodical investigation of the variables related with clients and competitors(the outer condition) and the association itself(the inside condition) to give the premise to keeping up ideal administration rehearses. The goal of vital administration is to accomplish better arrangement of corporate approaches and key needs. Sociological Today’s air voyager resembles some other shopper searching for an incentive for cash. Dispensable wages are on the ascent and the shopper is eager to spend more for quality and brands. Air travel is not any more about shipping travelers. It is progressively about the flying experience. Individuals like going in planes. ‘Kingfisher airlines’ has an awesome social picture. Being a five star carriers, clients need to go with Kingfisher. Additionally, the brand charges a top notch value that is the reason just upper Socio Economic Class individuals favor Kingfisher aircrafts. The way of life of the individuals is improving. Extravagance is getting vital. They are prepared to pay more for extravagance administrations. Kingfisher has a solid preferred position here. Along these lines, we can infer that sociological conditions are preferring Kingfisher carriers. Innovative Individuals are turning out to be increasingly more technically knowledgeable. Kingfisher gives a TV at the rear of the seat. That implies each worker has his own TV. Aside from that, Kingfisher additionally has offices, for example, e-booking. Presently, workers can even book the tickets by mobiles. Thus, it tends to be expressed that Kingfisher’s picture and deals are driven by innovation as well. Financial Figures demonstrate that buying intensity of Indians is expanding. Individuals search for additional choices presently, even extravagance products. Bank Credit is effectively accessible in the event of voyaging. Financial stoppage is one of the main consideration which is influencing the deals of avionics industry. In INDIA there is a blended economy so private association effectively play out their errands inside some random monetary arrangement obviously, association are affected by an assortment of financial highlights over which they have minimal free control, for example, expansion, loan fees and downturn Another significant contribution to the venture is the idea of government monetary and approaches. Environmental One significant factor is that how normal factor influences the flying business as entirety. The most significant factor is the dependability of the climate. The timings of the flight are exceptionally influenced by shifts in climate. Additionally, it very well may be seen that an exceptionally precarious climate is straightforwardly relative to the additional expenses to the organization. For instance, if there is a postponement in the flight, the organization needs to give office to housing of workers. In India, climate is very steady in more often than not during the year. Along these lines, aeronautics is a beneficial business in India, on the off chance that we think about natural factor. Political The world of politics is steady. In India, government changes following 5 years. Likewise, it is a popularity based nation. Kingfisher has an additional preferred position here that the proprietor of Kingfisher, Vijay Mallya has generally excellent political system. That implies even world of politics favors Kingfisher carriers. Legitimate Flying fuel costs in India are managed by government. So the opposition for cost turns out to be very still. All the organizations in the business need to pay a similar sum for fuel. Presently organizations can increment or diminishing the costs relying upon the administrations they give. An exceptional specialist organization, obviously, would charge the costs for its administrations. Moral Indians are profoundly moral individuals. They generally make an exchange off between what is correct and what's going on before they settle on any buy choice. For instance, if an organization says that half of their commitments will go for the cause, at that point Indians are bound to purchase items or administrations of that organization. Kingfisher aircraft gives an incentive for the cash. It is India’s just five star aircraft specialist organization. Henceforth, thought to be moral. Porter’s 5 Forces for Kingfisher Airlines Dangers from contenders: The degree of danger from the local contenders is exceptionally high. Contenders like Jet Airways, Indian are a portion of the old settled players in the market which end up being solid contenders for the developing Kingfisher Airlines Dangers from new participants: The degree of danger from new participants is very low, for example, Virgin Atlantic, Qantas. The significant players in the Indian flying industry structure an impediment to outside aircrafts and in addition Indian flyers like to have an Indian encounter on the flight. Dangers of substitutes: The presentation of fast trains, innovative transports and different methods for transport has given more choices to individuals to travel. Flying in India is blasting and with the passage of a few new players in the market rivalry has solidified. In such a situation it is basic for any carrier to manufacture its image and have an engaged showcasing procedure set up Bartering intensity of providers: The bartering intensity of providers is medium. For instance, Airbus and Boeing are the significant airplane producers and there aren’t numerous airplane makers other than these two, this limits Kingfisher’s choices consequently the bartering intensity of Airbus or Boeing increments. In the event of different providers, for example, caters the bartering intensity of the providers is low subsequently Kingfisher has numerous different alternatives of takes into account agreement to. Dealing intensity of clients: The dealing influence of the clients is low since kingfisher is intended to meet the all out solace and incentive for cash; in this way clients aren’t hesitant to pay somewhat more whole to pick up this experience. Rivalry Analysis Kingfisher’s just solid impediment ends up being Jet Airways, since Jet has control on the two closures of the market and also it has entered into the worldwide market too. Benchmarking against Jet Airways, Kingfisher Airlines has gained Air Deccan which was one of the most beneficial minimal effort aircrafts, thus kingfisher also has entered in the lower end of the market however remembering tha

Digital Innovation In Education Industry †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Digital Innovation In Education Industry. Answer: Diagram of the beginning up corresponding to instruction industry Training is one of the most significant areas in this creating world. The ongoing making arrangements for educational plan exercises in schools and other instruction organization is giving high significance to mechanical improvement. Innovation has made conveyance of guidance a lot simpler and successful than previously (Itali 2017). The new beginning up firm will be a separation learning school for graduates with best innovation learning. The school is being arranged with the point of offering the best learning aide and quick improvement of a wide range of understudies. Existing innovation pattern in training industry Colleges and schools are changing their post towards instruction by offering separation courses alongside the ordinary ones. This has extended the open doors for some understudies who faces issue in going to classes alongside their employments and different exercises. The current advances previously existing in the training business are the web based learning, online collective instructing, visual learning, Skype classes, portable learning and tablet processing. Such sorts of advances in certain instructive organizations have just made the activity of the instructors simple. It has likewise permitted the understudies to snatch the substance of the exercise in an a lot quicker way (Bozkurt 2015). Expanded and Virtual Reality Expanded the truth is clarified as an activity that works together the rising computerized developments with the encompassing of the client. It doesn't make another condition. Be that as it may, the current state of a framework is changed into an altered one with fuse of some new data (Dunleavy and Dede 2014). Augmented reality then again is clarified as something close to the genuine world. A PC framework that utilizes a headset to create a practically genuine picture or sounds that can reproduce the nearness of the client in a symbolism world (Earnshaw 2014). Advantages of Augmented and Virtual reality in the Education business Training industry is a wide stage with a gigantic development prospect. With the developing rivalry in the learning segment, it is vital for any new organization to stay up with the new innovation. In any case, this isn't a simple errand to do as a beginning up firm. The augmented simulation in the study hall and learning framework will permit the understudies to encounter a substance rich instruction. The virtual learning will connect with the student to comprehend ideas through enhanced visualizations. In separation learning, understudies can get the chance of visual learning through online sources (Merchant, et. al. 2014). Enlarged reality offers the understudies with the chance of getting openness of the learning material anyplace they need like the online library (Radu 2014). Suggestions The instruction framework is developing radically with the perspective on offering understudies with the best learning encounters. The most appropriate innovation that can be utilized in the new instructive establishment of separation learning is the expanded reality stage. This is on the grounds that it helps accumulate substantially more consideration of the understudies and is nearly more affordable then computer generated experience. This will assist the organization with benefitting corresponding to cost terms additionally and keep the course charges inside a breaking point. In addition, enlarged reality has different advantages, for example, better understanding, whenever availability and creates basic considering understudies (Bacca, et. al. 2014). References Bacca, J., Baldiris, S., Fabregat, R. furthermore, Graf, S., 2014. Enlarged reality drifts in training: an orderly survey of research and applications.Journal of Educational Technology Society,17(4), p.133. Bozkurt, An., Akgun-Ozbek, E., Yilmazel, S., Erdogdu, E., Ucar, H., Guler, E., Sezgin, S., Karadeniz, A., Sen-Ersoy, N., Goksel-Canbek, N. what's more, Dincer, G.D., 2015. Patterns in separation instruction inquire about: A substance examination of diaries 2009-2013.The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning,16(1). Dunleavy, M. what's more, Dede, C., 2014. Expanded reality educating and learning. InHandbook of research on instructive correspondences and technology(pp. 735-745). Springer New York. Earnshaw, R.A. ed., 2014.Virtual reality frameworks. Scholastic press. Itali.uq.edu.au. 2017 Cite a Website - Cite This For Me. [online] Available at: https://itali.uq.edu.au/filething/get/3419/Final_Future_trends_in_teaching_and_learning_in_higher_e [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Trader, Z., Goetz, E.T., Cifuentes, L., Keeney-Kennicutt, W. also, Davis, T.J., 2014. Adequacy of computer generated reality-put together guidance with respect to understudies' learning results in K-12 and advanced education: A meta-analysis.Computers Education,70, pp.29-40. Radu, I., 2014. Expanded reality in training: a meta-survey and cross-media analysis.Personal and Ubiquitous Computing,18(6), pp.1533-1543.

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Love You So Much That I Cannot Stop Writing About It

Blog Archive MBA Admissions Myths Destroyed I Love You So Much That I Cannot Stop Writing About It Although admissions officers want to know that you are interested in their school, they do  not  want to read your repeated professions of love for it. Some candidates mistakenly believe they must include in each essay numerous enthusiastic statements about how they will improve their skills at their target school, regardless of whether the school asks for such information. For instance, consider this entirely fictitious example of an individual who responds to the essay question “What achievement are you most proud of and why?” by writing the following: “In starting ABC Distributors, I learned a great deal about entrepreneurship, and I hope to formalize this knowledge at the XYZ School of Management. Only with XYZ’s vast entrepreneurial resources and profound alumni connections will I be able to take my next venture to a higher level. At XYZ, I will grow my business skills and potential.” We can identify numerous problems with this submissionâ€"including that the statements are cloying and have no real substance. However, the most egregious issue is that the school never asked the applicant to discuss how the program would affect his/her abilities. Thus, the “Why our school?” component is just empty pandering. As you write your essays, always focus on answering the essay questions  as they are writtenâ€"do not try to anticipate or respond to unasked questions. So, if your target school does not explicitly request that you address the question “Why our school?,” do not look for ways to sneakily answer that question in your essay(s). Of course, if the school does ask for this information, then certainly do your research and provide it. Again, the key is to always respond to the school’s question and give the admissions committee the information it wants. Share ThisTweet Admissions Myths Destroyed

Food and Beverage Management Essay - 1633 Words

International Food and Beverage Management 2208 HSL Individual Written Assignment Semester 1, 2009 Food and Beverage Management within the hotel industry has changed dramatically over the years. This can be seen through a number of measures, although only in more recent years, particularly in outsourcing. This essay will discuss the implications of outsourcing various elements of hotels’ food and beverage operations. It will go into further detail on the certain theories based around the decision making for whether to outsource or to produce goods and services on one’s own. It will then discuss past research and implications outsourcing has on the hotel†¦show more content†¦|Purpose of Outsourcing |Mean |Rank |Standard Deviation | |1. Reducing risk of business failure |5.88 |1 |0.97 | |2. Allowing hotel to better utilise internal resources |5.77 |2 |1.08 | |3. Generate more revenues |5.64 |3 |1.27 | |4. Reducing operation costs |5.32 |4 |1.50 | |5. Using the well-know brand name of the outsourcing supplier|5.18 |5 |1.25 | |6. Utilising the management expertise provided by the |5.04 |6 |1.26 | |outsourcing supplier | | | | |7. Using the outsourcing supplier to develop new markets |4.96 |7 |1.42 | |8. Using the outsourcing supplier’s expertise to meet |4.79 |8 |1.53 | |challenges of hotel globalisation | |Show MoreRelatedThe Food And Beverage Management1506 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION Food and beverage management is very significant function for each and every hospitality organization. The current research report focuses on the food and beverage operation management (Heizer and et al, 2009). The whole research report is based on case study of Queens Head restaurant and its food and beverage management. The current study includes the assessment of the operation system and its effectiveness for organization. Further, it focuses on the critical appraisal of the operationRead MoreThe Food And Beverage Management1971 Words   |  8 Pagesto socialize and catch up. Every human being has to eat to be able to survive and have energy, everyone likes to enjoy their meal with some sort of beverage with accompanies with friends in an enjoyable atmosphere. Eating in restaurants is an excellent way to celebrate a special occasion with many people (Walker, 2008.). The food and beverage management in hotels is defined as the most compound areas of the hospitality industry this because of the variation of cuisine outlets in a hotel. There areRead MoreFood And Beverage Operations Management1050 Words   |  5 Pageste Diploma Food and Beverage Operations Management AMFO600 Assessment Two Case Study – Control Systems Semester One 2016 Lecturer: Roderick Turner Student name: Xiaochen Gong Student I.D.: 99138745 Submission date: Tuesday 31 May 2016Table of Contents 1. Executive summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Discussion 5 3.1. The objectives of the food and beverage control system 5 3.2. The relevant procedures of food and beverage control system 6 3.3. Control procedures, legislation and correct actionsRead MoreInternational Food and Beverage Management847 Words   |  4 PagesFrom a food and beverage managers perspective - What are the important characteristics and procedures of a food and beverage establishment in relation to its size, type, market, design, planning and organization? The importance of planning and designing procedures for a food and beverage establishment is essential for a successful establishment. Procedures are the cautions taken to ensure that the operation is running effectively and efficiently to meet demands of the customer, with an effectiveRead MoreFood And Beverage Operations Management1810 Words   |  8 PagesGraduate Diploma Food and Beverage Operations Management AMFO600 Assessment Two Case Study – Control Systems Semester One 2016 Lecturer: Roderick Turner Student name: Xiaochen Gong Student I.D.: 99138745 Submission date: Tuesday 31 May 2016Table of Contents 1. Executive summary 3 2. Introduction 4 3. Discussion 5 3.1. The objectives of the food and beverage control system 5 3.2. The relevant procedures of food and beverage control system 6 3.3. Control procedures, legislation and correctRead MoreHospitality Management Food and Beverage1285 Words   |  6 PagesProduct Characteristics Types of Menus What is a â€Å"Menu†? A menu is a document used to inform guests what is available on offer, clearly. In other words it is a list of food beverages available on sale. The list consists a description and the prices of such item offered. It is called a bill of fair in English and â€Å"Menu† in French. The variety in choice of Menus In smaller restaurants the choice of menu items offered is usually limited. Where as in high-class restaurants where theRead MoreFood And Beverage Industry : Supply Chain Management1123 Words   |  5 PagesINTRODUCTION: - Food and beverage industry today has become one of the most competitive industries in the world. Recognizing that supply chain management is a core strategy and achieving world class performance in this strategy by developing and managing supply chains that provide flexibility, response time and delivery performance that exceed the competition is a key to survival in the food and beverage industry. The largest production sectors of food industry are brewing, milling, baking, confectioneryRead MoreTrends in Food and Beverage Management Paper913 Words   |  4 PagesThe food and beverage manager job is to keep up with everything that pertains to our business. Trends and technology are the biggest aspects we deal with on a daily basis. Keeping up with the trends and the latest technologies keeps many businesses in business. Every company wants to offer the next big thing to get ahead of the competition. Some of the latest trends in the food and beverage industry are putting on the menu s the nutritional value of the food items, using local produce, modified casualRead MoreCustomer Experience Management At The Food And Beverage Staff1691 Words   |  7 Pages In any industry, it is important for food and beverage staff to share their experiences of service recovery. Service recovery is important in managing negative moments of truth to achieve high service standards. However, to achieve high service standards, effective communication and teamwork are competencies that all Food and Beverage attendants should possess. In addition, staff training programs can assist in ensuring that all staff members have these attributes to achieve high service standardsRead MoreOperations Management Of Food And Beverage Industry : Imporatance Of Financial Analysis1257 Words   |  6 PagesEffective Operations Management in Food and Beverage Industry: Imporatance of Financial Analysis ENTER A QUOTE HERE Operations management has been the most crucial part of a business since people starting trading goods and services. Operations management deals with the development, manufactoring and production of the goods and services which are then marketed and sold in the market for a profit. It involves and oversees the research and decelopment sectors all the way through production of the goods

Essay on Obedience - 755 Words

Obedience is the process by which individuals comply with the instructions given by an authority figure not to be confused with conformity. There is one similarity between obedience and conformity which is that both involved a renunciation Of personal responsibility. There is three differences between Obedience and Conformity. The first one is that in Obedience an order or an instruction is given whereas no instructions or order is given in conformity. The second one is that in obedience there will be a difference of status e.g : a doctor and a nurse whereas in conformity the group followed will have the same equal status. And the last one is that in obedience it is about status and power whereas in conformity it is a need of being†¦show more content†¦On three of the participants full seizures were observed. There are different sorts of explanations for MILGRAM experiment following the findings to that experiment. Situational explanations and dispositional explanations. The situational explanations are that the participants will need to be in a socially obedient environment that means that the authorities seen that environment as legitimate and trustworthy. There is a need of graduated commitment which means that there is a move from a reasonable request to an unreasonable one(s). But there is also an Agentic state, an agentic state means that there is an acting agent for someone else who is not responsible. The dispositional explanations are that the participants got a rigid belief in the conventional values, that there is a general hostility towards the other groups, that there is an intolerance of ambiguity but also a submissive attitude to the authority figures and that you have to consider the importance of the early childhood experiences. If we should have a discussion on MILGRAM study, we should have a look at the experiment but with a few variations such as a relocation to another environment less prestigious, or that the participants are forced to see the pain inflicted to the learner or again a refusal from the confederate. All those variations will probably have an effect on the results of MILGRAM experiment, results such as that the participants will be lessShow MoreRelatedMilgram s Research On Obedience Essay1067 Words   |  5 PagesWhy did Milgram decide to study this topic? What was the motivating factor/event that inspired Milgram to research obedience? †¢ The main reason that Milgram decided to study the topic of obedience was to better understand the extreme inhumane conditions that Jews faced during the holocaust at the hands of German soldiers. Over the 12 year period between the early 1930’s through the mid 1940’s millions of Jews died in death camps run by Germans. Since Milgram himself was of Jewish descent, MilgramRead MoreAuthority Is A Fundamental Part Of Life Essay2069 Words   |  9 Pagesuse authority to maintain order and obedience throughout communities. Parents possess characteristics of authority in order to teach children right from wrong. As well as, teachers are considered authority figures since they need to control and maintain obedience in the classroom. Authority cannot exist without obedience. Society is developed on this notion. Without authority, and its required obedience, disorder and disruption would occur. But how much obedience to authority is necessary? When isRead MoreAnalysis Of Just Do What The Pilot Tells You831 Words   |  4 PagesDalrymple, is a British physician who discusses why blind obedience is discouraged. His article, â€Å" Just Do What the Pilot Tells You†, was first published in the New Statesman. In this specific article, he touches on points in our lives when we are supposed to do what we are told. Disobedience is when a person chooses to disobey some sort of order they were directed to do. The main point that the author is trying to make is that neither obedience or disobedience should be more prominent than the otherRead MoreObedience : Obedience And Obedience1997 Words   |  8 PagesOBEDIENCE Obedience can be described as an action exhibited by an individual as a result of direct command or order from another person who is normally in position of authority. Obedience take place when an authority figure ask a person to do something, this usually entails people with status, that is, someone giving the command has to be above the person the order is being given to. Everyday Examples of Obedience Obedience plays a vital role in everyday life; it is an expectation for people to obeyRead MoreA Study On Obedience And The Obedience1178 Words   |  5 Pageswanted to do a study on the obedience to an authority figure, and the obedience is a situationist experiment that evidences what happened the real life (Badhwar, 2009). Milgram’s idea was the Holocaust situation and the Nazis who had the authority over European Jews, during World War II, when the Nazi killed thousands of people because they had power, as well as how lived Nazis enemies in the death camps. The point of the research was people behavior in the obedience situation, and Holocaust situationRead MoreHow To Train Your Dog Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesdog, create a job for him to do such as pulling the kids around the yard in a cart. Practice Your dog is well-exercised and he understands that he needs to refer to you, so now is the time to teach commands. When you begin teaching your dog obedience commands, it will take practice. First, verbalize the command and attempt to get the dog to obey without any touching. For example, if you are teaching â€Å"sit†, you can draw the treat in a straight line form the top of the head. The dog will naturallyRead MoreDog Training The Easy Way817 Words   |  4 Pagesrecommend them, your friends can recommend them, websites such as Angie s list can recommend them. There are many questions you ll probably have for the trainer, but here are a few to bear in mind: What you want your dog to be able to do? Simple obedience is light years from therapy dog training which is a perhaps smaller journey from bomb identification and disposal. Make sure your perspective trainer has experience with your desired outcome. Can you take part? Training where you and your dog learnRead MoreThe Levels Of Obedience1224 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause there was a division of labor. Adolf Eichmann, a Nazi organizer of these mass murders, never saw the direct effects of the genocide he was orchestrating. After the Holo-caust, Stanley Milgram conducted an experiment to study the levels of obedience to authority; he used his experiment to find where evil resided in people and to discover the cause of the Holo-caust. Some people found his findings useful information, while others thought his experiment was morally unacceptable due to his useRead MoreEssay on Obedience1004 Words   |  5 PagesErin Poulsen ACP W131 Mr. Scanlan 19 October, 2015 Comparative Critique Obedience and Disobedience has been a part of key moments in history. Many have studied forms of obedience to learn how it affects people and situations. For example, Stanley Milgram conducted a well-known experiment in which the subject, named the â€Å"teacher† must shock the â€Å"learner† every time he doesn’t remember a word pair from a memory test. The focus of this study is on the teacher, and whether they will administerRead MoreObedience Essay744 Words   |  3 PagesObedience In this essay I am going to write on how obedience can affect individuals on how they would normally behave and integrate in society. The meaning of Obedience is a form of social influence where an individual acts in response to a direct order from another individual, who is usually an authority figure. It is assumed that without such an order the person would not have acted in this way. (McLeod, 2007) Migram (1963) conducted a study on how obedient a person would be to an authority

Analyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play

Analyzing Database Management Systems Data. It encompasses every person on earth, whether they realize it or not. Throughout each’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with the hope of discovering new information. How they accomplish this is particularly interesting and opens the door for a larger discussion. In the world of computer science large groups of data collected are referred to as databases. When there is a multitude of these databases, a way to manage all of the information is†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"OLAP summarizes data and makes forecasts,† and â€Å"Data mining discovers hidden patterns in data† [2]. In general, OLAP evaluates information in a broader sense while data mining can be appli ed to find deeper levels of information which may not have been known. The two approaches that may be operated separately or implemented together to create another way of analyzing data. OLAP Online analytical processing (OLAP) is generally used to provide analysis of complex data. Often it is applied with a data warehouse. A data warehouse is similar to a regular database but they have differences. According to Inmon a data warehouse is â€Å"a subject-oriented, integrated, non-volatile, time-variant collection of data in support of management’s decisions [3]. Data warehouses provide more detailed information than regular databases, one reason they are recommended for analytics. Another way of describing it is, â€Å"Data warehousing is a collection of decision support technologies, aimed at enabling the knowledge worker (executive, manager, analyst) to generate wiser and faster decisions. [4] When using OLAP tools with data warehousing it can give the decision maker a clear advantage, which could give insight into why it is so highly valued. These mechanisms can help increase efficiency and provide them with a powerful advantage. At the core of any OLAP system is an OLAP cube Analyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play Analyzing Database Management Systems Data. It is all around every person on this earth whether they realize it or not. Throughout each and everyone’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with hope of discovering new information. How they do this is particularly interesting and opens the door for a larger discussion. In the world of computer science large groups of data that are collected are referred to as databases. When there is a multitude of these databases, a way to manage all of this information is needed. That is where database management systems (DBMS) come into play. â€Å"A database management system is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database. The DBMS is a general-purpose soft ware system that facilitates the processes of defining, constructing, manipulating, and sharing databases among various users and applications† [1]. Analyzing these database managements systems could potentially have huge benefits since companies could determine when and where to sell products, track certain trends, and possibly predict future outcomes. Two popular ways to analyze these large amounts of data are OLAP, online analytical processing tools and/or data mining. According to Oracle, one of theShow MoreRelatedAnalyzing Database Management Systems ( Dbms ) Come Into Play1888 Words   |  8 PagesAnalyzing Database Management Systems Data. It encompasses every person on earth, whether they realize it or not. Throughout each’s life they collect data and have their data collected by others. Height, weight, shopping habits, health history are all examples of data that is tracked. The question is what is done with this data? People, companies, even the government analyze the data they collect and analyze it with the hope of discovering new information. How they accomplish this is particularlyRead MoreBig Data Vs. Public Sector Organizations Essay2516 Words   |  11 Pagespublic sector organizations have come to appreciate that the key to better decisions, more effective customer or citizen engagement, sharper competitive edge, hyper efficient operations and compelling product and service development is data — and lots of it (Cameron McNaught,2010). Today the situation they face is not any shortage of that raw material. In a way that the wealth of unstructured online data alone has swollen the a lready torrential flow from transaction systems and demographic sources butRead MoreAnnotated Bibliography On Database Management Systems1207 Words   |  5 Pageseasily accessible. Finally, the invention of the computers led to the evolution of databases. Databases are important, because thanks to them humans are able to store and later on retrieve information. The way in which databases arise is very simple. It all begins as a list in a word-processing system. As the size of the list increases, the data starts to appear inconsistent. If this occurs, Database Management Systems come to help, due to the fact they can store a large amount of information in a numberRead MoreWhy Are Information Systems So Essential For Running And Managing A Business Today?1458 Words   |  6 PagesAssignment One 1. Why are information systems so essential for running and managing a business today? An organization’s information system is capable of very important tasks and it is important for any business to exploit its capabilities. Information systems are important to businesses because they process data from the businesses’ input to generate information that is crucial for managing operations. The following points will explain why information systems are important to businesses: †¢ OperationalRead MoreDatabase Systems and Data Management Essay2764 Words   |  12 PagesData Management 3 2.1 Database 3 2.2 Database Systems 3 2.2.1 Requirement modeling 4 2.2.2 Schema design : 4 2.2.3 Implementation 4 2.3 Project 4 3. Data Mining 5 3.1 Knowledge Discovery in Databases (ITCS 6162) 5 3.1.1 Association rules 6 3.1.2 Classification 7 3.1.3 Clustering 7 3.1.3.1 Partitioning methods 8 3.1.3.2 Hierarchical methods 8 3.1.4 Anomaly Detection 8 3.1.4.1 Graphical based 9 3.1.4.2 Statistical based 9 3.1.4.3 Distance based 9 3.2 Knowledge Based Systems (ITCSRead MoreReview Quesition20349 Words   |  82 PagesDATABASE SOLUTIONS (2nd Edition) THOMAS M CONNOLLY CAROLYN E BEGG SOLUTIONS TO REVIEW QUESTIONS Chapter 1 Introduction- Review questions 1.1 List four examples of database systems other than those listed in Section 1.1. Some examples could be: †¢ A system that maintains component part details for a car manufacturer; †¢ An advertising company keeping details of all clients and adverts placed with them; †¢ A training company keeping course information and participants’Read MoreRdbms Notes17718 Words   |  71 Pages1 RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM UNIT-1 INTRODUCTION:DATA :- Data is a collection of facts, which is in unorganized but they can be organized into useful form. Data is of two types :1.Raw Data :- It is a Data which are collected from different sources and has no meaning. ` 2. Derived Data :- It is a data that are extracted from Raw Data and used for getting useful information. Derived Data is called as INPUTDATA. INPUT DATA is processed to get the OUTPUT data. The OUTPUT DATA is called asRead MoreBusiness Intelligence and Technology1489 Words   |  6 Pagesbut coexisting information systems. ETL plays an important role in BI project today. ETL stands for extraction, transformation and loading. ETL is a process that involves the following tasks: Extracting data from source operational or archive systems which are the primary source of data for the data warehouse; transforming the data - which may involve cleaning, filtering, validating and applying business rules; loading the data into a data warehouse or any other database or application that housesRead MoreKudler Fine Foods Service Request4514 Words   |  19 Pagesdeveloping and deploying a customer tracking system through a Kudler Frequent Shopper Program (KFSP) that would provide KFF data on shopping habits of cliental and in return provides customers with high-end incentives for shopping. The project will require the determination of requirements from KFF and their client base and a system analysis. This paper follows a systems analysis process by exploring business objectives and models, current and proposed system analysis, project constraints, functionalRead MoreCis5153190 Words   |  13 PagesDATABASE ADMINISTR ATOR FOR DEPARMENT STORE CIS 515-Strategic Planning Of Database Systems Potential sales and department store transactions stored within the database. Following the successful expansion of the retail environment to several new stores there is a clear need for an enterprise wide relational database especially with the envisaged increase in sales as a result of current marketing activity. There are several important steps to consider when designing

The Heavens and Earth Essay Example For Students

The Heavens and Earth Essay Even to the casual observer, using just the ability of the human eye, there is a noticeable order in the manner of the movement of the celestial objects as they travel across the sky. The Sun, Moon, and the stars, all have a discernable pattern to their rising and setting. Upon closer observance, one might notice slight seasonal changes in the relative location on the horizon where the Sun rises and sets. Alternatively, one can notice more drastic variations in the Moon’s relative position, the timing of its appearances, and the variation of the portion of the Moon that is illuminated on any given night. In addition, the stars, if tracked even for a short period, clearly have a pattern to their rising and setting on any given night. Again on careful observance over a period of time one can see that there is a seasonal variation to the location of some stars, with some not being visible at certain time of the year, and others appearing instead. Finally, still with the naked eye, if one were to place close attention, one would notice that some of these â€Å"stars† do not follow the same pattern, and seem to follow different rules. So, what do the observable facts all add up to? Are there rules of order that the celestial objects follow? If one were to study the celestial objects long enough, could one discover the rules and be able to accurately predict the movements of celestial objects with accuracy? Surely, peoples of ancient civilizations pondered the same type of questions. Historians and archeologists have found physical evidence that ancient civilizations had an active interest it the apparent motion of the celestial objects. Stonehenge in England, The Bighorn Medicine Wheel in the United States, and the Carncol temple in Mexico, are all thought to be examples of structures built by ancient peoples to mark the changing seasons and the corresponding movement of the celestial bodies. It is thought that ancient peoples kept track of the movement of celestial bodies for the purpose of establishing yearly calendars for planting and harvesting, and in the aid of navigating on the open seas (Chaisson 30-31). The exact intentions of the ancient peoples can not ascertained due to the lack of written records. Many Historians assume it that the ancient’s quest for knowledge of the motion of celestial bodies was of a practical nature, not one of strict scientific inquiry. The ancient Greeks, who kept written records, applied the use of logic and careful observation in attempts to understand the physical and celestial world, as they knew it. The Greeks did not tend to study the practical and applied aspects of science, but were more so interested in the theoretical aspects of their inquiries (Adler 123). One person who studied the apparent motion of the celestial bodies was the Greek philosopher Aristotle who lived between 384-322 B. C. Aristotle using careful observation and logic mistakenly concluded that the Earth was at the center of the Universe and that all of the celestial bodies such as the Sun, Moon and the Stars moved in perfect circular orbits around the earth (Window 1). Aristotle’s view of the Earth as the center of the Universe was widely accepted and was the basis for the theories of other ancient astronomers. In an effort to further explain the Aristotelian concept of a geocentric universe, where every celestial object revolved around the earth, astronomers of that time came up with a model. In this model, each planet was assumed to move around a small circle, an epicycle. The center of this epicycle would then orbit in a larger circle around the Earth; this larger circle was termed as the deferent (see Fig. 1). With this type of model, the astronomers could explain the sometimes retrograde movement, the apparent reverse movement of some of the planets. .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .postImageUrl , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:hover , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:visited , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:active { border:0!important; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:active , .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10 .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ube8f9ba04906371e8e8dbf2a19e75e10:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Ryan Scadlock EssayBy fine tuning the size of the of the epicycle and deferent circles, the astronomers of that time could explain and predict the motions of the Moon and planets with some degree of accuracy (Chaisson 32-33). Figure 1: Epicycle (Ptolemy’s Devices 1) Astronomers sought to further fine tune the model of a geocentric universe as more observations and movements of the planets did not quite fit the existing models. One such astronomer was Ptolemy, who was of Greek nationality, but lived in Egypt in the second century A. D. Ptolemy’s system consisted of 80 epicycles, set into a complex pattern, to explain and justify the movements of the five known planets at that time, the Sun, and the Moon. Ptolemy published his model and explanation in a thirteen book set called Mathematical Syntaxis. This geocentric model of the universe, termed the Ptolemaic model, was the accepted standard for the motion of celestial bodies for over a thousand years. It has been suggested that Ptolemy devised this model as a method for calculating positions, but may not have believed in it’s absolute depiction of reality (Nineplanets 1-2). The Ptolemaic model, based upon the flawed premise that the earth was the center of the Universe, required a complex set of mathematical rules to explain the movements of the celestial bodies. Not all ancient astronomers agreed with the geocentric view, one notable exception was the Greek astronomer Aristarchus of Samos (310-230 B. C. ). Aristarchus views stated that the Sun was the center, with the Earth and all the other planets revolving around the Sun. The strength of Aristarchus’ argument could not overcome Aristotle’s persuasive logical and philosophical reasoning that man and therefore the Earth, was the center of the Universe. Therefore, Aristotle’s philosophical argument supported by Ptolemy’s complex model remained the basis for the western world’s understanding of the Universe for over a thousand years (Chaisson 33-34). One must remember that during this time all observations and subsequent conclusions were based upon what the naked eye could see; these ancient astronomers and philosophers did not have telescopes. The geocentric concept based upon visual data, paired with Ptolemy’s model was accurate enough to fulfill the needs of the times. One might wonder how this basic mistake could be passed along for centuries. The answer lies in the fact that after the fall of the Roman and Greek civilizations, the Western world reverted to small feudal states, where technology and the quest for scientific knowledge were not of importance. In this period of Western civilization, the Church was the main reservoir of knowledge (Adler 207-220). Since the geocentric view concurred with the language in the Bible, there was no reason to doubt the validity of Ptolemy’s model. In the sixteenth-century, a Polish cleric, astronomer, and mathematician, Nicholas Copernicus, seeking to further understand the Universe, came upon Aristarchus’s heliocentric views, which the planets all revolved around the Sun, and reasserted them to explain the motions of the celestial bodies. Copernicus disagreed with the physics of Ptolemy’s model, believing that the underlying principles were incorrect, not the math or observations. The bold change that Copernicus suggested was that the Sun was the center of the Universe, with the planets revolving around the Sun in perfect circular orbits. He felt that this heliocentric model would better express harmony in the Universe. Copernicus’s model although based upon the correct view of the Sun being the center of the known Universe, was still flawed with the idea that the planets had perfectly circular orbits. Because of this flaw, he had to retain the concept of epicycles and the accompanying complicated mathematical concepts to explain it all. Although his model was flawed, Copernicus was the first to combine physics and mathematics, to produce a working model that was giant step forward towards a correct astronomical model (Treasure-Trove 1-5). .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .postImageUrl , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:hover , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:visited , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:active { border:0!important; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:active , .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379 .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua1f33f39ff6917d63f6842f36a687379:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Strength and Racism in 'The Secret Life of Bees' EssayIt would take the careful observations of Tycho Brahe (1546-1601), under the thoughtful analysis of Johannes Kepler (1571-1630), with the supporting empirical observation of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) with the use of a telescope of astronomical observations for the first time, to convince the western world that the heliocentric model was the correct view of the Universe. Even with this seemingly overwhelming evidence, not all accepted the heliocentric model, because the Church stuck to the geocentric model, which was agreed with the language and descriptions of the Universe in the Bible. The Church was involved in a fundamental struggle of it’s own with the Protestant Reformation. The Church could not admit it had been wrong about the basic form of the Universe, without chancing that it’s detractors would then say it had been also wrong about other basic tenets (Stearns 230-232). Galileo’s observations and writings were instrumental in changing the Western world’s view, but it would take the equal brilliance of Sir Isaac Newton (1642-1727) to really expound upon the physics, empirical data and mathematics of the his predecessors and explain the workings of the known Universe of that time (Chaisson 34-50). The current understanding of the Universe is that the planets revolve around the sun, but the Sun itself is by no means at the center of the known Universe. Modern astronomers, and scientists are face the same handicap that the ancients faced, one can only propose theories and come to conclusions based upon current knowledge and sometimes wild speculation, but one still has to wonder how that current accepted facts will hold up to future discoveries of science and astronomy.

Cape Bretons and European Influence

According to the National Geographic, the human history of Cape Breton can be traced back to 10,000 years of migration (National Geographic, p.1). Ancient people groups came here to settle thousands of years ago.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cape Breton’s and European Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More But with regards to European settlers, their arrival started in the 15th century when explorers came to visit the area. Some of the first European settlers who came were the Portuguese and the French. Scottish, Irish, Dutch and English families who were attracted to the beautiful landscape of Nova Scotia followed them. From the Medieval period, up until the modern age, significant migrations of Europeans transformed Cape Breton into a melting pot of European culture. Although there is evidence to show that Portuguese sailors and fishermen were the first to establish a settlement in Cape B reton, it was the French who dominated the area in the 16th and 17th century. The ascension of French rule in the land coincided with the fact that France was the recognized superpower in Europe during this time (Naylor, p.96). But eventually the power of France to dominate Europe and its colonies began to wane in the 18th century (Naylor, p.96). The decline of France’s military and economic might also coincided with the rise of the British Empire in both Eastern and Western hemispheres.Advertising Looking for research paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the most significant developments was the success of the British Empire in dominating North America in territories that will one day become the United States of America (Magocsi, p.308). It did not take long before the British Empire began to expand its colonies to include not only the American colonies but also territories located in Canada . It was the French who first made a significant impact on Cape Breton’s culture. But the British were also considered as one of the â€Å"founding peoples† of Cape Breton (Magcosi, p.308). The interaction of the British and the French settlers shaped the culture of Cape Breton and its surrounding areas. The political turmoil in France and its financial woes made it difficult for the once powerful French government to manage its colonies and to expand its dominion in the realms outside Europe. When the French loosen its grip in Nova Scotia, it was the British who took over. The second major event that significantly altered the cultural landscape of Cape Breton and Nova Scotia was the American Revolution. Before the United States was established, the American colonies were under the control of the British Crown. When the Americans successfully defeated the British Empire, English soldiers and loyalists to the British Crown had to find a place where they can avail of pol itical asylum. These were families, soldiers and public officials who used to live in the Thirteen Colonies of America.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cape Breton’s and European Influence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These people were called Loyalists and considered by many to be Canada’s first political refugees (Simcoe, p.1). Many of them found a home in Nova Scotia and some of them began to build communities within the vicinity of Cape Breton. It did not take long before the British settlers began to influence a significant portion of Cape Breton’s culture. British influence was particularly evident when it came to politics, the legal system, and religion (Magcosi, p.309). The influx of settlers who came from the American colonies did not end the migration that shaped Nova Scotia and Cape Breton’s culture. In the early part of the 19th century, Nova Scotia witnessed t he arrival of thousands of European settlers. The immigrants were Scots, Irish and Welsh (Wolak, p.1). There is a need to clarify the English label used to describe these peoples. Technically these people groups came from England and therefore they are labelled as British. However, the English, Irish, Scots, and Welsh â€Å"must be distinguished from one another in any detailed look at Canadian culture since they have generally regarded themselves as separate peoples, and the nature of the cultural baggage that each brought was sufficiently distinct to warrant such consideration† (Magocsi, p.310). A deeper appreciation of the distinction between these people groups will result in a deeper understanding of how they shaped the culture of present day Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. Even with the significant waves of migration that altered Nova Scotia and Cape Breton’s cultural landscape, the number of settlers was not enough to enhance the economic and political aspect of th e area.Advertising Looking for research paper on ancient history? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to one commentary, â€Å"At the beginning of the nineteenth century, Cape Breton Island was a thinly settled, extensively forested, and relatively underdeveloped colony of Great Britain †¦ barely 2,500 people lived on the island† (Hornsby, p.3). The few people who were there developed settlements around the coast. By this time the amalgamation of culture was evident. There were French-speaking Acadians in the Isle of Madame and Cheticamp (Hornsby, p.4). The Loyalists can also be found in the said area and they were contented to build their settlements around Sydney and the Baddeck River (Hornsby, p.4). The other settlers are from Southern Ireland. At the same time there were Gaelic-speaking Scots. Cape Breton’s economy was influenced by cod fishery. Cod fishing provided livelihood for the majority of the inhabitants and at the same time, the said industry attracted British mercantile capital and skilled labour. Canada in general and Nova Scotia in partic ular began to receive more immigrants from Europe. It has been ascertained that from the 19th century and well into the 20th century, many people groups from Europe began their journey toward Canada and many found their way to Nova Scotia (Wolak, p.1). Many of those who came were European Jews who wanted to evade persecution in their respective homelands. As a result many of the European Jews who came to Nova Scotia can trace their ancestry to Jewish families that originated in Poland, Lithuania, Germany and Russia. Conclusion Ancient peoples were the original settlers in Nova Scotia and Cape Breton. But beginning in the 15th century, European explorers began to establish settlements in the area. There were two dominant â€Å"founding peoples† that shaped the culture of Nova Scotia and these are the French and the British. But the weak economy and military strength of the French government forced them to yield to the British Empire. The political refugees that sought asylum a fter the American Revolution augmented the influx of British people into the region. These were the Loyalists from the American colonies. But in the 19th and 20th century, the region saw mass migrations from Europe. It was the influence of the British Empire that significantly altered the cultural landscape of the region. Nevertheless, one cannot deny the cultural impact of the French people. For example, even in the 21st century there are some inhabitants of Cape Breton that still speak the French language. Works Cited Hornsby, Stephen. Nineteenth-Century Cape Breton: A Historical Geography.  Quebec: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1992. Print. Magcosi, Paul. Encyclopedia of Canada’s Peoples. UK: University of Toronto Press, 1999. Print. National Geographic. 2012. Cape Breton. Web. https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/parks/cape-breton-highlands-canada-park/. Naylor, R.T. Canada in the European Age, 1453-1919. Quebec: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 20 06. Print. Simcoe, Elizabeth. 2012. Loyalists, the First Refugees. Web.http://www.canadiana.ca/. Wolak, Arthur 2012. An East Coast Jewel. Web. This research paper on Cape Breton’s and European Influence was written and submitted by user Kristen Knight to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

4 Steps of Cardiac Conduction

4 Steps of Cardiac Conduction Have you ever wondered what causes your heart to beat? Your heart beats as a result of the generation and conduction of electrical impulses. Cardiac conduction is the rate at which the heart conducts electrical impulses. These impulses cause the heart to contract and then relax. The constant cycle of heart muscle contraction followed by relaxation causes blood to be pumped throughout the body. Cardiac conduction can be influenced by various factors including exercise, temperature, and endocrine system hormones. Step 1: Pacemaker Impulse Generation The first step of cardiac conduction is impulse generation. The sinoatrial (SA) node (also referred to as the pacemaker of the heart) contracts, generating nerve impulses that travel throughout the heart wall. This causes both atria to contract. The SA node is located in the upper wall of the right atrium. It is composed of nodal tissue that has characteristics of both muscle and nervous tissue. Step 2: AV Node Impulse Conduction The atrioventricular (AV) node lies on the right side of the partition that divides the atria, near the bottom of the right atrium. When the impulses from the SA node reach the AV node, they are delayed for about a tenth of a second. This delay allows atria to contract and empty their contents into the ventricles prior to ventricle contraction. Step 3: AV Bundle Impulse Conduction The impulses are then sent down the atrioventricular bundle. This bundle of fibers branches off into two bundles and the impulses are carried down the center of the heart to the left and right ventricles. Step 4: Purkinje Fibers Impulse Conduction At the base of the heart, the atrioventricular bundles start to divide further into Purkinje fibers. When the impulses reach these fibers they trigger the muscle fibers in the ventricles to contract. The right ventricle sends blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. The left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta. Cardiac Conduction and the Cardiac Cycle Cardiac conduction is the driving force behind the cardiac cycle. This cycle is the sequence of events that occur when the heart beats. During the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle, the atria and ventricles are relaxed and blood flows into the atria and ventricles. In the systole phase, the ventricles contract sending blood to the rest of the body. Cardiac Conduction System Disorders Disorders of the hearts conduction system can cause problems with the hearts ability to function effectively. These problems are typically the result of a blockage that diminishes the rate of speed at which impulses are conducted. Should this blockage occur in one of the two atrioventricular bundle branches that lead to the ventricles, one ventricle may contract more slowly than the other. Individuals with bundle branch block typically dont experience any symptoms, but this issue can be detected with an electrocardiogram (ECG). A more serious condition, known as heart block, involves the impairment or blockage of electrical signal transmissions between the hearts atria and ventricles. Heart block electrical disorders range from first to third degree and are accompanied by symptoms ranging from light-headedness and dizziness to palpitations and irregular heartbeats.

International Marketing Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 7500 words

International Marketing Management - Coursework Example Development,progress and prosperity could only be achieved through opening to and integrating with the outside world, through stepping up exchanges and cooperation with other countries and through absorbing all fine results of human civilization. Therefore, we should embrace and seize the opportunities presented by globalization and adopt reforms to keep up with the steps of the changing world. Due to the lack of a just and equitable international economic order, the influence of globalization on countries at different stages of development is entirely different. The "dividends" derived from globalization are not fairly distributed. The developed countries have apparent advantages in capital, technology, human resources and administrative expertise and in setting the "rules of the game". They are usually the most active propellers and the biggest beneficiaries of globalization. The developing countries on the other hand are on the whole in an unfavorably position. Developing countries can obtain some foreign investment, advanced technologies and management expertise, but at the same time they are the most vulnerable to the negative impacts of globalization and lack the ability to effectively fend off and reduce the risks and pitfalls that come along with globalization. In the 1990s, especially in recent years, the gap between the North and the South has further widened. Th e economic sovereignty and economic security of the developing countries are confronted with enormous pressure and stern challenges. Some least-developed countries are even on the brink of being marginalized by globalization. Therefore, in participation of globalization, developing countries should always be on alert and try by all means to exploit the advantages and avoid all kinds of risk and harm. III. China's Experience For China, globalization is often seen as a double-edged sword that brings both opportunities and challenges, advantages and disadvantages. How to turn disadvantages into advantages in the tidal wave of globalization depends on formulating the correct policies and strategies. If the policies are correct, challenges can be turned into opportunities. China has learnt many lessons and accumulated rich experiences in dealing with globalisation from its practice of reform and opening-up. In my personal opinion, they can be summarized as follows: 1. To find a road of development that suits the national conditions. In the past 20-odd years, China has maintained an annual growth rate of over 9.3% on average. China is now the 6th largest economy and the 5th largest trading nation in the world. More than 200 million people have been lifted out of poverty. The average life expectancy reached 71.8 years in 2002, close to that of a medium-level developed country. The above accomplishments were achieved against the backdrop of a volatile international situation. The reason why China can achieve so much in such a short span of time and in a constantly changing international environment is because China has found its own road of development, suitable to its national conditions, namely building socialism with Chinese characteristics. In one word, building socialism with Chinese characteristics is to base what we do on the realities of China. While sticking to the basic system of socialism, reforms should

Is there a need for reform in Albany Term Paper

Is there a need for reform in Albany - Term Paper Example and corruption matters that occurred in the State legislature in the past two years and the kind of reforms that the Governor and the legislature has put in place to address the matter. The paper then describes the legal and policy structure of the adopted reforms and the public criticism that this has generated. The paper then concludes by giving recommendations to the Governor and to the State Legislature to restore the public trust (Katz). Although there are numerous cases of corruption in Albany, the most pointed cases have been in the legislature. In a recent scandal, the senators from Buffalo state George Maziarz as well as Patrick Gallivan purportedly spent $ 140,000 and $ 80,000 respectively in time they were in office. In this particular case, the problem was not in the spending of the money itself but the fact that they did not find it fit to report their expenditures. Apart from Senators’ George Maziarz and Patrick Gallivan being investigated, the now defunct Moreland Commission was also investigating state Sen. Diane Savino of Staten Island for alleged mismanaging of campaign funds. These two cases are a clear indication of the rot in the state’s Legislature (Frisch). In light of the corruption allegations within the state, Governor Cuomo set up the Moreland Commission (now defunct) to address the allegations. The power to form this commission comes from the Moreland Act, a legislation that gives the Governor the authority to set up a panel to look at waste in the government and to come up with recommendations for reforms. Upon setting up the committee, Attorney General Schneiderman offered to deputize the commission something that bolstered its powers. This was because his presence had accorded the commission a wider legal reach than the current powers that were contained in the Moreland Act (Medina). For Governor Cuomo, there is need to develop a campaign finance system that incorporates the option of public financing. The call for this reform

With the Stroke of a Pen Government Reaction Paper Essay Example for Free

With the Stroke of a Pen Government Reaction Paper Essay Kenneth Mayer took an upright approach investigating the president’s executive power they used to issue amounts of executive order. He calls it â€Å"presidential edicts† which are official orders that the presidents create to assist executive branch in managing operations within the federal government. Mayer believes that this use of executive order; creating laws and procedures, is turned into an arbitrary order. This legislative act of making laws is stated in the constitution, given to congress; and with â€Å"the stroke of a pen† the â€Å"Laws of the Land† were made with no regard or interaction with the legislative. And as we learn in â€Å"With the Stroke of a Pen†, executive order can be criticized with substantial argument and can have â€Å"great impact†. Mayer put together charts of 1,028 presidential orders into categories, between March 1936 and December 1999, constructing two tables. Mayer leaned to the more necessary side of executive power, realizing the â€Å"formal and informal† restraints put on the president within the â€Å"separated system† and the use of checks and balances that protects, and also the vast difference in ones party in the congress can take the executive powers implied in the 2nd Article of the constitution away (not literally speaking). Mayer explained an issue dealing with Democratic issue with Eisenhower’s apathetic look on discrimination in housing and federal employment; with Kennedy’s promise to the people and equality of opportunity (constitutional) with the stroke of a pen came the fair housing order. As so with Clinton’s scare of impeachment, his idea of executive orders and unilateral decisions (such as, prohibiting the use of genetic information if hiring) showed the capability of a president. These presidential legislations therefore make general policy and link to public law. The argument many make about the executive order is that it’s a way for the president to avoid public opinion and constitutional limits. Though it’s said that this is an example of secrecy and totalitarianism, Mayer actually feels as if the president is limited enough and with all this his orders are constantly judged through a system (checks and balances) in our government anyway and through political parties in the congress. The constitution he says specifies that, President â€Å"shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed† meaning, that if laws aren’t being broken or disregarded then we have no argument against the president’s order. Supreme Court ruled in the steel seizure case (Youngstown), such decisions that aren’t constitutional or statutory. In the cases Mayer mentions about which are Korematsu v. U.S (decision of freedom fro internment camps of Japanese Americans), Schechter Corp v. U.S (about unhealthy chicken being sold, exceeding commerce clause), and Cole v. Young; these are all decisions that derived from executive orders. In the random sample of 1,028 executive orders between March 1936 and December 1999, took a look at the subject of the orders. Civil service which involved retirement exemptions, salary, holiday, and personnel; Public lands deal with land for public use, revoking previous land orders; War and emergency powers deal with orders creating or abolishing wartime agencies, and emergency preparedness procedures; Foreign affairs are orders dealing with importation, trade, aid, and affairs with other territories particularly signed by treaties; Defense and military policy deal with military personnel, intelligence community, and military lands; Executive branch administration order are orders creating boards, councils, agency transferring powers, and tax policies; Labor policy focuses on emergency boards and inquiry, and managing federal government labor policy; Domestic policy orders include energy, environment, civil rights, economy, and education. More than 60% of orders dealing with Executive branch, Civil service, and Public lands; the rest were dealing with Foreign affairs and War powers, and domestic and labor policy were small percentages. Since presidents have been given so much responsibility, orders are then handed down to clerks and subordinates. Mayer noticed through the second table/chart that focused on which the orders were made each year, that War and emergency powers have dropped since 1940’s, which is the result of no more World wars and such; also Foreign affairs, Executive branch, and Domestic policy orders have grown since 1930’s supporting the fact that executive orders do matter. When can a president rely on executive order? Mayer asks. Well in my opinion whenever he is stuck with the task of trying to protect the good, order, and equality among our union. The president is elected for the people by the people and in order for policies that can’t get through the congress as simple, and then this â€Å"Necessary evil† people call giving the president too much power is good. It’s fair to say that some power can be misused but, if the government and congress are doing there job right then the protections we have against a treasonous president or unconstitutional laws being made, almost nothing can go horribly wrong. With the bills and laws being opposed just because of parties in congress then executive order can be made first if the reason and issue is great.

Bank of New York Essay -- essays research papers

Executive Summary Founded in 1784, the Bank of New York is the oldest bank in the United States. It was the first bank in New York that opened just months after the departure of British troops from American soil in lower Manhattan. During that time period the monetary system was complex and confusing. The founders decided that The Bank of New York wasn’t going to be a common institution that capitalized on land; it focused on specie, which is money in coins. Then in 1792 the first corporate stock to trade on the newly established New York Stock Exchange was the Bank of New York. During the course of their 220-year history, The Bank of New York has seen the country through turbulent times - seven wars, ten economic depressions and the World Trade Center disaster. And yet, The Company has survived all these crises and emerged even stronger.. The Bank of New York is in the industry of Money Center Banks, which provide many services that enable institutions and individuals to move and manage their financial assets in more than 100 markets worldwide. This company has a long tradition of collaborating with clients to focus on securities servicing, treasury management, investment management, and individual and regional banking services. This company also has an extensive global client base. The Bank of New York is ranked 15th in its industry with a capital market of 21.2 billion. Some of its top three competitors are Citigroup Inc, JP Morgan Chase, and State Street Corp. Given its long history and conservative approach, it is no wonder that The Bank of New York is one of the leading retail banks in the Metropolitan Area. It has 350 locations which not only offer traditional banking, but insurance and investment services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Although the stock price of The Bank of New York has decreased over the past year, it is our opinion that it would be a good opportunity to buy the stock at its price. The most recent quarterly earnings have been much higher than analysts’ forecasts have predicted. The Bank of New York earnings growth in the past year has accelerated more rapidly than it has in the past three years. The Bank of New York – Industry position   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Founded in 1794, The Bank of New York is New York’s first and oldest bank. It opened for business at the Walton House in lower Manhattan. During tha... ...dministration and accounting, collateral management, and securities lending which is offered nationally and globally.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Banking has never been considered attractive as an industry, but the industry has virtually been embodied in the movement of bigger, faster, and more. The BANK OF New York has been involved in faster transactions via ATM’S and the Internet. They have also been involved in more proceeds such as insurance and securities.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Bank of New York has been notable in de-emphasizing lower margin traditional banking operations and has focused on more lucrative technology based activities such as transaction processing and account custody services.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Given The Bank of New York redirection of its focus and earnings potential it would our opinion to invest in this company’s stock. The Bank of New York seems to be a leader in its industry class and the value of its services will certainly be recognized in its future performance and innovation. Trend Analysis for Bank of New York 2004, 2003 & 2002

Present condition of rule of law in Bangladesh Essay

Introduction: One of the basic principles of the English constitution is the rule of law. This doctrine is accepted in the constitution of U. S. A. and also in the constitution of Bangladesh. Now a day’s rule of law is one of the most discussed subjects of developing countries. Developed countries and donor agencies always instruct the developing countries for sustainable development and good governance. Actually sustainable development and good governance mostly depends on the proper application of rule of law. Laws are made for the conflicting forces in society. One of the prime objects of making laws is to maintain law and order in society, a peaceful environment for the progress of the people. In true and real sense there is no rule of law in Bangladesh today. Law in Bangladesh follows a course of selective and discretionary application. Institution and procedures required for ensuring rule of law also are no effective in the country. Main Concept of Rule of Law: The term ‘Rule of Law’ is derived from the French phrase ‘La Principe de Legality’ (the principle of legality) which referse to a government based on principles of law and not of men. In this sense the concept of ‘La Principe de Legality’ was opposed to arbitrary powers. The rule of law is old origin. In thirteenth century Bracton, a judge in the Reign of Henry III wrote- â€Å"The king himself ought to be subject to God and the law, because law makes him king. † Edward Coke is said to be the originator of this concept, when he said that the king must be under God and law and thus vindicated the supremacy of law over the pretensions of the executives. Professor A. V. Dicey later developed on this concept in his classic book ‘The Law of the Constitution. ‘ published in the year 1885. Dicey’s concept of the rule of law contemplated the absence of wide powers in the hands of government officials. According to him wherever there is desecration there is room for arbitrariness. The rule of law is a viable and dynamic concept and like many other such concepts, is not capable of any exact definition. Its simplest meaning is that everything must be done according to law, but in that sense it gives little comfort unless it also means that the law must not give the government too much power. The rule of law is opposed to the rule of arbitrary power. The primary meaning of rule of law is that the ruler and the ruled must be subject to law and no one is above 3. the law and hence accountable under the law. It implies the supremacy of law and the recognition that the law to be law can not be capricious. What is the Rule of Law? The rule of law is a system in which the following four universal principles are upheld: 1. The government and its officials and agents as well as individuals and private entities are accountable under the law. 2. The laws are clear, publicized, and stable and just, are applied evenly, and protect fundamental rights, including the security of persons and property. 3. The process by which the laws are enacted, administered and enforced is accessible, fair and efficient. 4. Justice is delivered timely by competent, ethical, and independent representatives and neutrals that are of sufficient number, have adequate resources, and reflect the makeup of the communities they serve. Establish the Rule of Law and Constitution of Bangladesh: The rule of law is a basic feature of the constitution of Bangladesh. It has been pledged in the preamble to the constitution of Bangladesh that – â€Å"It shall be fundamental aim of the state to realize through the democratic process a Socialist society, free from exploitation – a society in which the rule of law, fundamental human rights and freedom, equality and justice, political economic and social, will be secured for all citizens. † In accordance with this pledge the following positive provisions for rule of law have been incorporated in the constitution: Article 27 guarantees that all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law. Article 31 guarantees that to enjoy the protection of the law, and to be treated in accordance with law, is the inalienable right of every citizen, wherever he may be and of every other person for the time being with in Bangladesh, and in particular no action detrimental to the life, liberty, body, reputation or property of any person shall be taken except in accordance with Law. 18 fundamental rights have been guranteed in the constitutional arrangement for their effective enforcement has been ensured in Articles 44 and 102. Article 7 and 26 impose limitation on the legislature 4. that no law which is inconsistent with any provision of the constitution can be passed. In accordance with Article 7, 26 and 102(2) of the constitution the supreme court exercise the power of judicial review whereby it can examine the extent and legality of the actions of both executive and legislative and Constitutions declare any of their actions void if they do anything beyond their constitutional limits. Right to be governed by a representative body answerable to the people have been ensured under Articles 7(1), 11, 55, 56, 57 and 65(2) of the constitution. 18 all these provisions of constitution are effective for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh. But facts on the ground tell a different story altogether. Rule of Law Ensure in Bangladesh: Laws, rules and procedures framed under them exist to cover every walk of our national life, though there may be parities in number and shortcomings in scope. Our constitution contain plethora of laws while institutions like courts, ministries and departments have been set up to dispense justice and decisions in accordance with the present state of the rule of law revels the riddle of having a body of law and at the same time not having it. It is like a person who is brain dead. Some aspects of the rule of law in our society and polity should be mentioned as under: First, accesses to law as well as equality before it are reserved for only those who are privileged. For the rest of the population, more or less the Hobbsian law of nature prevails. They are the helpless victims of as unjust society that sets great story by privileges. Second, all government in this country since the falls of Ershad have claimed that there is independence of judiciary. The claim is only partially true, while the higher courts enjoy a certain measure of independence; the lower courts are under the direct control of the law ministry. The judges look up to the Ministry for everything infect they are obliged to. The principle of separation of judiciary from executive is being violated in two ways – 1. Magistrates are performing dual function of both executive and judiciary which is not desirable in the interest of justice. 2. The service of district and session judges, their transfer, promotion etc. are controlled not by the Supreme Court but by the law ministry. 5. Third, The government of Bangladesh continued to use the Special Power Act of 1974 and section 54 of the criminal code which allow for arbitrary arrest and preventive detention, to harass political opponents and other citizens by detaining them without formal charges. Fourth, The very principle that law should take its own course requires that in investigation and preparation and submission of the charge sheet, the investigating agency should be free from, encumbrance’s influences and threats of all kinds. Unfortunately, that situation does not obtain in todays Bangladesh. In recent years a large number of political killings have taken place. The national dailies have carried the stories of all the gruesome murders and the whole nation has been out raged. What is however deplorable is that in most of these highly publicized cases the culprits have not been brought to justice. The reason is not far to seek. It is the interference by high ups in the political ladder. Fifth, Another aspect of rule of law relates to the limits of law making power of the parliament itself. Our constitution quite rightly declares the people as the repository of all power and they use it through their elected representatives. However, the question arises whether the parliament can make laws curbing the democratic rights the people, which are generally considered as unreasonable. The special power Act of 1974 the public safety Act passed former Awami Liege Government etc. which are used to put political opponents behind the bars, deserve special mention, so, the question arises can such pieces of legislation promote rule of law? Obviously, not. One the other hand the government always with a view to avoiding debates make laws by ordinances and later gets them appointed under the sweeping power of article 70 of the constitution. Sixth, Rule of law postulates intelligence without passion and reason free from desire in any decision regarding matters concerned with governance. In our society, the principle is being ignored on many grounds as quotas for political activists by the name of honor to freedom fighters, special provision for individual security etc. Seventh, Police is no doubt a very powerful institution for the endorsement of the rule of law. But in Bangladesh, the police have never been friendly with the public. The police serve the government and enjoy, in exchanges, 6. the freedom to act arbitrarily and in the material interests of its own members. Eighth, Ordinance making power can be supported only in emergency situation like national crisis, national calamity severe economic deflection etc. demanding for immediate legislative actions. But article 93 of the constitution allows the president to promulgate ordinances anytime during the recesses of parliament session. On the other hand Article 141(A) empowers the president to declare emergency whenever he wishes. By declaring emergency in peace time the government can suspend fundamental rights and suppress the opposition movement. This mounts to avowed arbitrary exercise of power on the part of the government which is contradictory to the concept of rule of law. Ninth, Another disgusting aspect of our judicial system is that there is the charge of corruption against our judiciary. Moreover, justices oftener than not, a costly commodity in our country. The poor people could not reach before the judges only because of mobility to meet the charge required for going through the complicated process of litigation. Thus, they prefer injustice than fatigue. Tenth, In order to provide quick relief and avoid lengthy proceedings of litigation providing for the creation of Administrative Tribunal particularly for service matters which needs special treatment and experience is not undemocratic something. But this tribunal has been kept outside the writ jurisdiction of the High Court Division under article 102(5). Also it has been kept out of the supervisory jurisdiction of the High Court Division. This provision has therefore, been contradictory to the concept of integrated judicial system and also contrary to the concept of independence judiciary. A prominent concern in the development community is the â€Å"rule of law† and the related concepts from other legal, Economic growth, political modernization, the protection of human rights, and other worthy objectives are all believed to hinge, at least in part, on â€Å"the rule of law. † Policymakers in developing and transition nations are thus seeking ways to establish or strengthen the rule of law in their countries. Investment rating services, non- governmental organizations, and other students of development are producing indices that try to measure the degree to which a nation enjoys the rule of law. 7. But overlooked in much of the dialogue about the rule of law is that the term has no fixed meaning. It originated in normative writings on law and government, principally by Western authors, and each tailored the term to fit his or her vision of the â€Å"ideal† or â€Å"just† state. As a consequence, one survey of how the term has been used in Germany, France, the United Kingdom, and the United States concludes that it â€Å"belongs to the category of open- ended concepts which are subject to permanent debate† Despite this multiplicity of definitions, most can be classified according to whether they emphasize formal characteristics, substantive outcomes, or functional considerations. The differences between these three conceptions and the implications of each for efforts to establish, measure, or foster the rule of law are described below. Formal Development Rule of Law: Formal definitions of the rule of law look to the presence or absence of specific, observable criteria of the law or the legal system. Common criteria include: a formally independent and impartial judiciary; laws that are public; the absence of laws that apply only to particular individuals or classes; the absence of retroactive laws; and provisions for judicial review of government action. There is no definitive list of formal criteria, and different formal definitions may use different standards. What formal definitions have in common is that the â€Å"rule of law† is measured by the conformity of the legal system to these explicit standards. The main advantage of a formal definition of the rule of law is that it is very clear and relatively objective once the formal criteria are chosen. Choosing which standards to include may be controversial, but after the standards are made explicit, it is usually not difficult to observe the degree to which countries meet or don’t meet the standards. Formal definitions thus avoid more subjective judgments, for example about whether laws are â€Å"fair† or â€Å"just. † Substantive Development rule of Law: An alternative to the formal approach to the rule of law is one that looks to substantive outcomes such as â€Å"justice† or â€Å"fairness. † This approach is not concerned with the formal rules, except inasmuch as they contribute to the achievement of a particular substantive goal of the legal system. Unlike the 8. formal approach, which eschews value judgments, the substantive approach is driven by a moral vision of the good legal system, and measures the rule of law in terms of how well the system being assessed approximates this ideal. The main advantage of the substantive version of the rule of law is the explicit equation of the rule of law with something normatively good and desirable. The rule of law is good in this case because it is defined as such. This is appealing, first because the subjective judgement is made explicit rather than hidden in formal criteria, and, second, because the phrase â€Å"rule of law† has acquired such a strong positive connotation. Many people cannot accept any definition that would allow. Functional Development rule of law: A third approach to the rule of law is similar to the substantive definition, but tries to avoid the thorny normative issues by focusing on how well the law and legal system perform some function – usually the constraint of government discretion, the making legal decisions predictable, or some combination of both. One version of this view, for example, would hold that a society in which government officials have little or no discretion has a high level of rule of law, whereas a society in which they wield a great deal of discretion has minimal rule of law. The functional definition of the rule of law is broadly consistent with the traditional meaning of the English phrase, which has usually been contrasted with â€Å"rule of man. † It has the advantage, too, of defining the rule of law according to outcome-related criteria, but not requiring a moral verdict on the desirability of that outcome. The functional definition is narrow enough that it does not overlap with other more general concepts, and it makes questions as to the relationship of formal characteristics to the rule of law, and of the rule of law to substantive goals, researchable rather than tautological. Nonetheless, the functional definition suffers from a number of difficulties. First, as with the substantive definition, the relationship between the legal system per se and the functional goal can pose problems. It is possible to constrain government officials or realize predictability through means other than the legal system. Suppose one society has less official discretion than its neighbor even though the latter has apparently more restrictive laws. 9. Which enjoys a greater rule of law under a functional definition? Another problem is the fact that looking at â€Å"predictability† or â€Å"official constraint† or any other function makes it hard to make any definitive statement about the level of rule of law in a whole society. Government officials may make literally thousands of decisions each day in a given system. Some of them may be highly constrained, while others are not. It is not at all clear how to aggregate the levels of discretion for individual types of decisions into an overall measure of the rule of law. Observation: The above discussion makes it clear that though there are some positive provisions for ensuring rule of law in Bangladesh Constitution, they are being outweighed by the negative provisions. Though our constitution provides for 18 fundamentals rights for citizens, these remain meaningless version to the masses because due to poverty and absence of proper legal aid the poor people cannot realize them . 22 It also clear that the application of the principle of the rule of law is merely a farce in our country. However, prospects for establishing society purely based on the democratic principle of the rule of law are not totally absent from the polity. We have a constitutional government elected through a free and fair election. But what is needed for the very cause of the principle of democratic rule of law is- 1. To separate the judiciary immediately from the executive ; 2. To appoint an ombudsman for the save of transparency and democratic accountability ; 3. To make the parliament effective and to let the law making body to do its due business in cooperation with each other government and opposition; 4. To reform the law enforcing agencies and police force to rid them out of corruption and to free them from political influence so that they could truly maintain the rule of law; 5. To forge national unity and politics of consensus built around the basic values of the constitution, namely democracy, respect for each others human rights, tolerance, communal harmony etc. 10. Conclusion: Above discussions clearly shows that the present condition of rule of law in Bangladesh is not satisfactory. However, the proposed measures for overcoming the shortcomings of rule of law also are not final but these are fundamental. Independent and particular policy for rule of law is a must for overcoming the ambiguity and anomalies in rule of law. After all, government must be committed to ensure the security of life and property of the people, protection of individual rights and the dissention of justice on the basis of the equality and fairness. On the other extreme, the opposition, civil society and social groups and organizations also have the moral obligations to help and cooperate with the government in this juncture.